Social Studies

The important role that the tourism sector as the main instrument in the socio-economic development of any nation cannot be overemphasized. The nation of Nigeria is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic state with over two hundred and fifty ethnic groups that are rich in diverse cultures, Nature has so blessed the country with vast land, beautiful climate and land formation, especially with the swampy coastal lands and beaches to the lush ram forests and the savannah. There are also the parks and games reserves in their natural habitat. The hills, the rocks, lakes, waterfalls, natural and warm springs serve to make the landscape so beautiful. This paper seeks to highlight the place of tourism in employment generation together with a succinct outline of tourism institutional evolution in the Nigerian context. There are so many natural endowments that are yet to be harnessed in full capacity and requiring attention (of the tourism industry) for maximum exploitation and benefits which, no doubt, will increase the economic fortune of the country. The inability to transform our beautiful natural features, land marks, historical sites and cultural heritage sites into tourism assets has been a major concern to stakeholders. This Paper contends that our rich cultural heritage and natural endowments remain as treasure mines to be developed for maximum national benefits especially if the tourism sector is developed.

Cancer of the cervix is a major cause of death in developing nations with low levels of screening uptake in Kenya. A descriptive study using interview administered questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge level on cervical cancer among 100 HIV/AIDS positive patients seeking care services at comprehensive care clinic (CCC) in Makueni county referral hospital. 97% of the respondents had heard about cancer of the cervix while barely 7% had been screened by papanicolaou (pap) smear. About 38% knew risk factors for cancer of the cervix with none mentioning HPV. 58% correctly mentioned ways of preventing it. Average knowledge level about cervical cancer was evident even though the HIV/AIDS positive women as risk population should be more informed.

This study looks at the students’ perceptions on the effectiveness of the invention project showcased at USIM Young Inventors Fair in promoting critical and creative thinking among the First Year Bachelor students of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). 350 students were involved in this quantitative study which aimed to assess the students’ perceptions on the effectiveness of using an invention project in promoting their thinking skills. An invention project was assigned whereby students were to reflect on the critical and creative thinking skills they have acquired while completing the project. Results revealed that the students perceived that the invention project has indeed contributed in promoting their critical and creative thinking skills. Most of them reported that they had benefited through their involvement in the invention project. All 18 assessed statements have mean scores below 2 and the standard deviations are less than 1. Thus, using the invention project is indeed an effective way to promote critical and creative thinking skills of the students.

Psychoanalytic theories of both modern and postmodern dimensions have given us infinitely rich, complex and subtle ways of thinking. It most cases it has crossed the boundaries of speaking about body and sexuality, identity and difference, and also knowledge, language, culture. These theories mostly see gender as fluid suggesting our gendered subjectivity as unstable as it is vulnerable to the subversion of unconscious desire. In particular, psychoanalysis not only suggests the variety of biological drives but also the complicated social construction which arise out of the experiences within our particular historically and culturally situated families. Psychoanalysis still remains central to contemporary work on gender despite imperfections, limitations and omissions even in the light of powerful later developments. It has opened up crucial insights about conceptualizing the construction of identity and their changes by the meanings of language and culture.

The disaster management in any country is a process that works at various activities of prevention levels and operational models. An important element of the improvement of the civil protection in the individual countries and of their coordination in joint activities is the improvement of the existing Integrated Disaster Prevention Policy activity. The huge variety of organizational concepts of the systems for disaster prevention, accidents and catastrophes in the different countries, pose a lot of questions related to the improvement of the efficiency. The coordination that could benefit from the good and effective practices and produce a common, integrated and comprehensive European view and concept for the Regional Disaster Prevention Policy. This issue is getting more and more important, the large-scale emergency events and disasters are covering the territories of several regions, and- because of their magnitude and consequences- require the assistance and cooperation of international bodies working in the sphere of civil protection.

Access to information and, more importantly, the internet is not evenly distributed in this world. But if they had it, would people in rural India want to use the internet? How would they use it and benefit from it? Will internet influence culture and how can communities prepare themselves when the internet comes in their village? To support the rollout of internet in more rural areas in India and to improve the effectiveness of ICT in rural environments, a clear view on the adoption and use of ICT and services was needed. This study aimed at providing this knowledge. Interviews in rural India taught us how people use the internet and the benefits they experience. We also spoke about their expectations and what they think is needed when the internet is introduced in a community. The study showed that people and communities in rural India do benefit from ICT both socially and economically. Basically, they use the internet for the same purposes as people in Western countries, such as to communicate, to search for information and to buy things. However, internet is even more important in rural areas because of lack of alternatives, such as telephone lines, libraries, newspapers, roads in good condition, and public transport. In this paper we would like to focus on the affect that Internet has on Rural India.

This study examined the wage distribution and differentials among the agricultural labourers in different crops both in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire administered to a stratified proportionate random sample of 400 farmers consist of 50 farmers from each crop in both States. The data collected was analysed by operation wise wage distribution and wage differentials among the gender and using multiple regression analysis for estimation/predicting the mean values of dependent variable on the basis of known explanatory variables. The value of coefficients of all the crops reveals that the demand factors play a much more important role than its supply factors. man-land ratio, cropping intensity and proportion of non-farm workers to total work force found to be expected signs and statistically significant in Andhra Pradesh, whereas, employment opportunities from outside agriculture and cropping intensity engender wages in Tamil Nadu. The study was also found that the wage differences between male and female labourers is at higher level in wet crops than dry crops and this is not only from operation to operation but also from season to season. The study recommended that confirmatory action plan to be needed to trounce gender discrimination through promoting self-employment and expanding employment opportunities outside agriculture.

The article is dedicated to investigation of two basic problems: (i) would bring the U.S. sanctions imposed on Iran to minimizing and even to cancelling the oil exports from this country? (ii) what impact would have those sanctions on the country’s economic growth? For the survey we have used two methods. Primo, we have explored oil export structure from Iran and have studied oil import organization of the major commercial counterpart states trying to clarify if they would be able to substitute oil imports from Iran by alternative sources. And, secundo, we have drawn a statistical model, which links Iranian GDP with oil exports. Such a model was necessary for investigating probable undulations in the Iran GDP due to changing volume of exporting oil. Investigation results are important and may have huge geopolitical corollaries as follows: (i) In medium-term run President Trump’s administration measures to cause serious economic obstacles for economic development of Iran will be unsuccessful. (ii) USA has no means and geopolitical instruments to bring oil exports from Iran to zero. (iii) Hence, even if it is done, these measures will cause difficult but not dramatic consequences for economic life of this Islamic country, which would create complications for development of civil society in Iran. Moreover, the desire of President Rouhani to modernize the Iranian society will fail, and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, weakened under the Rouhani’s presidency, will regain momentum. (iv) Thus, President Trump’s measures will cause just the back effect than the target he wanted to reach, and (v) The sole possibility to provoke democratic movements within the Iranian society is to imply the country into international energy projects, in which Rule of Law is governing partnership relations.

This paper focuses on the structure of corporate leadership and how it can help achieve Early Childhood Education (ECE) goals in protecting the rights of children. It establishes that corporate leadership has not fully been exercised and implemented in Early Childhood Development (ECD) centres, and this is due to the administrator’s inability to steer stable and sustainable centres for protection of rights of children and unprofessional management. The study employed descriptive surveys, and stratified sampling was used to obtain a sample of 52ECD centres in Baringo County, Kenya and the target population involved the staff in ECD centres. This paper establishes that corporate leadership is vital towards accomplishment of protecting rights of children and that curriculum supervision plays a major role in quality education and protecting children rights. Therefore it recommends a full review of implementation of corporate leadership in ECD centres and training of staff to achieve this course

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to take part in the Government of his/her country. The empowerment and autonomy of women and the improvement of women's social, economic and political status is essential for the achievement of both transparent and accountable government and administration and sustainable development in all areas of life. The power relations that prevent women from leading fulfilling lives operate at many levels of society, from the most personal to the highly public. Across the world, women are treated unequally and less value is placed on their lives because of their gender. Women?s differential access to power and control of resources is central to this discrimination in all institutional spheres that is the household, community, market, and state. Discrimination against women has resulted in violence and brutality on many women. In Somali, women are systematically discriminated against and subordinated. They face limited inclusion in decision making structures and leadership roles, limited access to reproductive health, higher rates of stigmatization from HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, denial of due process rights, abuse of women's rights in divorce cases, denial of custody of children and denial of women's rights of property ownership and inheritance under customary law.