Literature

With regard to the great attention paid to the narrative point of view in the second half of the 20th century, one of the most conspicuous features of childhood and youthful vision is to concretize the incidents and the events of the stories. It is evident that the innocent view of children, who are far from the personal prejudice which the adults cannot avoid, is very different from the adults’ viewpoint. This same discrepancy endows the writer with the possibility to characterize his/her personages more concretely. Moreover, the disparity between the world pictured by young characters and that of the adults may reveal many social and psychological anomalies more tangibly: those facts which do not fit into the carefree and unaffected world of children like human pains such as social injustice and inequality; evils like envy and maliciousness. But instead, children in their look at their surrounding are endowed with a camera-like precision and meticulousness, which adults have lost: the credit that families deny to their children, unaware of the fact that they are under the scrutiny of their children and often imitated by them. Thus, the writer sometimes equips himself/herself with this meek and innocent view, but lets the reader judge what happens around him/her with the same maturity and sophistication of an adult on-looker. Therefore, in this study the writers have presented ten Persian contemporary writers’ deliberate utilization of children’s and young adults’ viewpoint in their stories and the advantage of this technique in objective delineation of the major issue of children and families in their stories.

The two World Wars and the devastation they bring to the Western mind results in a kind of revision or better to say in abandoning the worldviews and ideologies remained for centuries and the consequently in rebuilding of a new system of thought and rationale in all the aspects of man's life. These profound changes do not leave an stone unturned and also manipulate the field of literature and finally affect the field of Drama and produce a unified body of works categorized by Martin Esslin in 1961 under the title of "the Theatre of Absurd". This Study intends to investigate the quality of the Absurdism of such a kind in the plays of the British Playwright Harold Pinter in hope of dealing with the strategies he applies in his crafting; the strategies that are innovative and as used for the first time take the name of Pintersque.

A Proper nouns also called proper names are names and denote unique entities. A proper noun is the special word that refers to a person, place or object such as John, London, Aspirin or Sony. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun. A proper noun is capitalize in English and most other languages that use the Latin alphabet; this is an easy way to recognize them. Regarding the translation of proper nouns, it can not be stated that proper nouns are untranslatable. Some proper nouns should be translated, but some others should not or they should be transferred and still several others should be explained in parentheses or footnote. For example, fictitious proper names often have connotations, either literal meaning or implicature, so they should be translated. If the culture and nationality are as important as the connotation and context of names or they are more important, they should not be translated or they should be explained in the parentheses or footnote.Therefore, proper nouns belong to the realm of sociolinguistics and pragmatics, and if the proper nouns of English and Persian compared and contrasted, it can be said that they are studied under the domain of Contrastive Analysis which is a subdisipline of linguistics that brings two or more language system or subsystem together.

For some time now, researchers in pedagogy have been finding ways of improving language teaching and learning in schools in Africa. In Ghana, various governments have sought assistance/cooperation from professional as well as donor agencies, both national and international, to improve language teaching methodology in schools. Until then, language teaching in the basic schools had depended rather extensively on the ‘Segregated Method’. With the coming of these interventions, however, teachers are becoming more and more aware of the ‘Integrated Approach’ to teaching language. Even then, the focus has been on what is popularly referred to as ‘Language across the Curriculum’. This paper seeks to reinforce the fact that language is better learned as a whole, and that students of ESL learn better when the various language skills are integrated in a single lesson, and that there is no single ‘best method’ of teaching English.

Like almost every other writer, Virginia Woolf and Hélène Cixous were also products of their respective times and cultures, and had their own ideologies as to how to ‘liberate’ women through writing. Writing apart by about fifty years, both of these European writers have felt for and contributed to the cause of women upliftment. This submission evaluates their stances in terms of their commonalities as well as differences. Though, their prime concern, fight and hopes remain the same – emancipation of women and her writing, both standing free against the shackles of patriarchy. A Room of One’s Own, often called the ‘Feminist Bible’ stresses largely on economic independence and privacy as crucial pre-requisites for a woman-artist to be able to write fiction of any merit, rising beyond psychological obstacles. Cixous in “The Laugh of the Medusa” employs a more revolutionary tone, asking for women to bring their bodies, hearts and minds into speech and writing. Women must shatter the framework of institutions, blow up the law and re-define truth. Only then, the dreaded Medusa, on closer inspection, will appear both, beautiful as well as laughing.

This study examines a novel written by John Steinbeck and correspondingly its translation into Persian by Valiallah Ebrahimi (1990). Gideon Toury’s Acceptability, Adequacy and Cultural Norms (1995) have been applied in this study. The researcher gathered some information about Toury and his theory of “cultural norms”, and also the two types of translation, namely “adequate” and “acceptable” defined by the same scholar. The translated text was analyzed against the original work to determine if it is source-oriented (adequate) or receptor-oriented (acceptable). The impact of the ideology of the translator on adequacy and acceptability in translation has also been considered as the most important case in the study. The findings of the study revealed that Ebrahimi’s translation was acceptable.

Arabic teaching, though prevailing in the educational system of Iran, remains extremely underexplored. This paucity of literature becomes more acute if one is aware of the enormity of literature that exists on English language teaching. To contribute to the scant literature on the quality of Arabic teaching this study set out to examine the efficiency of Arabic language teachers, knowing that teachers are the most crucial agent in the success or otherwise of educational innovations. Accordingly, an efficiency scale was developed by the researcher and administered to a group of Arabic language teachers, selected out of convenience. Besides, we collected data on teachers' gender, years of experience, first language, and educational qualifications. Findings suggest the latter three factors do play a role in determining the extent of teachers' efficiency. More specifically, it was revealed that Arabic teachers who are native speakers of Arabic are more efficient than their non-native counterparts. Moreover, there was a positive direct correlation between teachers' years of experience and their efficiency; more experienced teachers proved more efficient. Finally, results of ANOVA showed that teachers with different levels of experience attained significantly different scores on the efficiency scale, meaning that the higher the level of education, the more efficient teachers become. Conversely, male and female teachers were no different on the efficiency scale. The implications that such findings carry for Arabic language pedagogy are further discussed.

Nissim Ezekiel position among Indo-Anglian poets of post-Independence era is unique .Nissim Ezekiel’s contribution as a poet in Indian writing in English is very substantial and valuable.He was a Jewish whose forefathers migrated to India and settled in Mumbai. Though a jewish still being born and brought up in India, his poetry contains some aspects of Indianness.Nissim ignored the idea of idealism and romanticism of Indian writers who were influenced by other English writers in India,instead heanalysed Indian situations with Indian attitude. This paper attempts to find out use of Indian Experiences by Nissim Ezekiel and emerging Indianness in his writings Nissim Ezekiel’s contribution to Indian poetry is based on his experiences while living in Mumbai and his his observation and experiences of Indian life and society.His commitment to India flows from his earnest and sincere desire to improve conditions of Life in India.he talks about the depressing, degrading and disgusting conditions of life in India He brings about true picture of poverty in India in his poem Key words: Indianness, language,Culture

The organizational learning theory and the competitive advantage theory are hot focuses in academia recently. But both of them are always expounded respectively and connective researches are rare. This paper is to attempt to combine the two together and carry on the research. Relative models of organizational learning have been introduced in the process of cultivating the enterprise’s sustainable competitive advantage. On this basis, an integrated organizational learning model has been put forward as an effective tool to cultivate the enterprise’s sustainable competitive advantage.

This paper presents the predicament of two generations of the immigrants in the novel The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri. It portrays how in the immigration and collision of cultures struggle comes out for the motherhood. It explores various problems in the identity building for the first and the second generations of the immigrants.