Pharmacy

A very well known ancient fruit whose therapeutic qualities have rebounded and echoed throughout the millennia named as Punica granatum (belongs to family Punicaceae) also commonly known as Pomegranate, Anar or Dalim in North India. Plant based formulations have been used since ancient times and playing role as a remedial agent against various human and animal diseases. Therefore, in the systems of Allopathic, Ayurvedic, Homeopathic and Unani systems, much energy has been devoted to the treatment of disease and enhancement of physical and mental health. The interest in traditional medicines has increased in various parts of world. Punicalagin is chemically named as 2, 3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-4, 6-(S,S)-gallagyl-D-glucose and belongs to a category of hydrolysable tannin. In this research, the main aim is to formulate the vesicular formulation of Punicalagin which was extracted, isolated and purified from peels of Punica granatum. Thus, to protect its hydrolysis, it is formulated into a nanocarrier system known as niosomes which is based on the preparation of niosomes by using a non-ionic surfactant in varying amounts and keeping the amount of cholesterol constant. The niosomal formulations were evaluated on the basis of evaluation parameters and thus optimized. The best optimized niosome formulation was then formulated as 1% w/w hydrogel and evaluated on the basis of parameters like homogeneity, rheological behaviour of hydrogel, spreadibility and gel strength, consistency, skin retention studies as well as in vitro and ex vivo drug release study. Comparative drug permeation study in vitro, ex vivo and skin retention study of niosomal gel as well as conventional gel concluded that amount of drug permeated and retained in skin from niosomal gel was much more as compared to conventional gel. The analysis of release pattern by niosomal and conventional gel was done by applying kinetic models to them and concluded that both formulations followed zero order kinetics.

This article investigates enhancement Solubility is an important physicochemical factor affecting absorption of drug and it’s therapeutic of the dissolution profile of Telmisartan effectiveness. Consequences of poor aqueous solubility would lead to failure in formulation development. Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist which is used in the prevention and treatment of Hypertension. One of the major problems with it is its low solubility in biological fluids, which results into poor bioavailability after oral administration (~42%) and late onset of action poorly soluble drug, Telmisartan. Solid dispersions were prepared using Polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). Telmisartan solid dispersions were prepared in 1:1, ratios of the drug to polymer ratio & it’s applied to different techniques of Solid dispersion (by weight) like using Physical mixing, Kneading method solvent evaporation method & fusion method. The formulations were characterized for solubility parameters; drug content studies drug release studies and drug-polymer interactions by using FTIR spectrum & X-RD. Formulation Containing 1:1 ratio of drug: PEG-6000 (Kneading method) show best release with cumulative release of 45.53% as compared to 98.37% for the pure drug. The interaction studies showed no interaction between the drug and polymer, it was concluded that PEG -6000 as carrier can be very well utilize to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs.

Pharmacoeconomics is the branch of economics that applies cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, cost-minimization, and cost-utility analyses to compare the economics of different pharmaceutical products or drug therapy to non-drug treatments. Pharmacoeconomics is the benchmark for practical authoritative reviews of the application of health economics and pharmacoeconomics to optimum drug therapy in disease management. Pharmacoeconomics has been defined as “the description and analysis of the costs of drug therapy to health care systems and society” .Pharmacoeconomics research identifies, measures, and compares the costs (i.e., resources consumed) and consequences (i.e., clinical, economics, humanistic) of pharmaceutical products and services. Within this framework are included the research methods related to cost – minimization, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, cost-of-illness, cost-utility, cost-consequences, and decision analysis, as well as quality –of-life and other humanistic assessments. In essence, Pharmacoeconomics analysis uses tools for examining the impact (desirable, undesirable) of alternative drug therapies and other medical interventions.

The present study was to develop once-daily extended release tablet of Lamotrigine, an Anticonvulsant. It is a phenyl triazines derivative showing effective anti-convulsant properties mainly used in effective in preventing seizure spread in the maximum electroshock (MES). The tablets were prepared by the wet granulation method.. The aim of the current study was to develop and optimize a simple matrix system of the model drug (BCS Class-II) using minimum possible excipients, to release the drug in a controlled fashion.Core tablets of model drug (F1 – F12) were successfully prepared by direct compression method, Mannitol SD200 & different grades of HPMC, Xanthan gum, Surelease and Magnesium stearate as excipients by direct compression method. The F11 formulation is the best formulation out of 12 formulations, the F11 contains HPMC k4m and metalose polymers, they maximum drug release and it follows Higuchi model

Black pepper and white pepper are made from the Piper nigrum plant. Black pepper is ground from dried, whole unripe fruit. White pepper is ground from dried, ripe fruit that has had the outer layer removed. The black pepper and white pepper powder are used to make medicine. People take black pepper for stomach upset, bronchitis, and cancer. They take white pepper for stomach upset, malaria, cholera, and cancer. Black pepper is sometimes applied directly to the skin for treating nerve pain(neuralgia) and a skin disease called scabies. Black pepper and white pepper are also used topically as a counterirritant for pain. In foods and beverages, black pepper, white pepper, and pepper oil (a product distilled from black pepper) are used as flavoring agents. Many people are ignorant about the numerous health benefits of black pepper. It contains potent antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. It contains iron, potassium, manganese, vitamin C and fiber in large quantities. However, beside these, it does contain other nutritional components.

Three reliable, rapid and selective methods have been developed and validated for the determination of mebeverine hydrochloride and chlordiazepoxide in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The first method is first order derivative spectrophotometric method All variables affecting the reaction have been investigated and the conditions were optimized. The second method is based on separation of the cited drugs (mebeverine hydrochloride Rf =0.72 ± 0.02 and chlordiazepoxide Rf = 0.43 ± 0.04) followed by densitometric measurement of the intact drug spots at 220 nm by HPTLC. The separation was carried on silica gel plates using chloroform: methanol: ammonia (9.5: 0.5: 0.1, (v/v/v) as a mobile phase. The linearity range was 200-1200 ng/spot for mebeverine hydrochloride and 100-600 for chlordiazepoxide. The third method is accurate and sensitive HPLC method based on separation of mebeverine hydrochloride and chlordiazepoxide on a reversed phase C18 column, using a mobile phase of potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 4.0 adjusted with 0.5% orthophosphoric acid)-methanol- water (30:50:20, v/v/v) and UV detection at 260 nm in an overall analysis time of about 5 min., based on peak area. The accuracy and precision of the methods were confirmed when the standard addition technique was applied. The validation was performed according to ICH guidelines. The results obtained by applying the proposed methods were statistically analyzed.

Pharmacovigilance is an important and integral part of clinical research. Pharmacovigilance is defined as the pharmacological science relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects, particularly long term and short term adverse effects of medicines. Pharmacovigilance will certainly help identifying risks and risk factors in the shortest possible time so that harm can be avoided or minimised. Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible medicine related problem. Today its importance cannot be sidelined at all, given the number of new medicines being introduced in the market.

Hazards is a situation that posses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment. Any real or potential conditions produced by industries that can cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Industrial hazards is a major issue in present scenario. Some industrial plants, by the nature of their activities and the substances they use, constitute hazards which are all the greater when they are located close to residential areas for these and their residents are particularly exposed in the events for accidents. Industrial hazards may be defined as the contamination of the Pharmaceutical industries that may cause irritation, toxicity and damage of the product, which are also harmful for product quality in the Pharmaceutical Manufacturing.

Tablet is defined as solid pharmaceutical dosage form containing drug substance generally with suitable diluents and prepared by either compression or molding methods. Tablets remain popular as a dosage form because of the advantages afforded, both to the manufacturer (e.g. simplicity and economy of the preparation, stability, and convenience in packing, shipping and dispensing) and the patient. Because of their composition, method of manufacture or intended use, tablets present a variety of characteristics and consequently there are several categories of tablets. Tablet formulation and design may be described as the process where by the formulator ensures that the correct amount of the drug in the right form is delivered at or over the proper time at the proper rate and in the desired location, while having its chemical integrity protected to that point. Latest concepts and regulations focus on bioavailability, bioequivalence and validation etc. impact formulation designing and manufacture.

Drug delivery is a multidisciplinary field. Researchers recently developed a drug-delivery system to mitigate some problems associated with jet-injection drug delivery, and also improved on the design and operation of microscale actuators as a possible drug-delivery methodThe Parenteral administration route is the most common and efficient for delivery of active drug substances with poor bio-availability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. But parenteral route offers rapid onset of action with rapid declines of systemic drug level. For the sake of effective treatment it is often desirable to maintain systemic drug levels within the therapeutically effective concentration range for as long as treatment calls for.Parenteral drug delivery systems are the preparations that are given other than oral route. (Para-outside, enteric–intestine). Parenteral drug delivery systems are most preferred drug delivery systems as they meet many benefits over other dosage forms in many cases such as unconsciousness, nausea, in emergency clinical episodes. The Parenteral administration route is the most common and efficient for delivery of active drug substances with poor bio-availability and the drugs with a narrow therapeutic index. But Parenteral route offers rapid onset of action with rapid declines of systemic drug level. For the sake of effective treatment it is often desirable to maintain systemic drug levels within the therapeutically effective concentration range for as long as treatment calls for. It requires frequent injection, which ultimately leads to patient discomfort. For this reason, drug delivery system which can reduce total number of injection throughout the effective treatment, improve patient compliance as well as pharmacoeconomic.