Social Studies

Affirmative action which is also known as reverse discrimination is a doctrine which originated in The United States of America, with the sole aim of redressing the past misdeeds of a certain group of people within the society against some others. It focuses on the ill treatment of the whites on the blacks and that of men on women. This movement has gone round the world, Nigeria inclusive. It has made the women in Nigeria for instance to demand thirty five percent of both elective and appointive offices, just to make up the past imbalance in the polity of the country where the men are found to be dominating the system. Our motivation here is the fact that affirmative action if allowed as demanded will instead of correcting any past injustice, do the society more harm than good by perpetuating injustice. The people who will be at the receiving end of this injustice are more or less not guilty of the offence of their fore fathers. This paper focuses on the fact that Affirmative action is not logical nor a moral principle. It suggests that it is not to be made a doctrine in the society, rather it advocates a level playing ground for all players in the field. Finally, it recommends that affirmative action be jettisoned in it’s entirety, because it commits the fallacy of hasty generalization, that some men took advantage of some women in the past in not a sufficient reason for all the men to suffer today in the hands of all the women, so do the blacks and the whites. Allowing affirmative action will amount to throwing away the child with the dirty water.

University graduates stand at the dawn of their careers, seeking meaningful employment in a labour market that is characterized by volatile change and globalization. This new world of work requires flexibility, versatility, and creativity skills not traditionally required of an employee. Graduates today are required to develop a skills-set that enables pro-active career behavior and, furthermore, aid the employer to utilize such abilities as business solutions. Outstanding academic achievements and development of graduate?s skills generally determines graduates employability. This project examined factors affecting graduates employability in Somalia; case study of Mogadishu and SIMAD universities. The specific objective of the project is first to examine how quality of high education affects graduate employability in Somalia; second to determine how education policy affects graduate employability in Somalia and finally, to establish how learning environment affects graduates employability in Somalia. The study also used human development, quality and performance theories to analyze graduate employability factors. The study sets out methodology on various stages that researcher followed in completing the study. The researcher identified the procedures, population of 300 and the sample size of 60 and techniques which is 20 percent of the target population (Mugenda Mugenda ) approach (Theuri, 2014). The researcher developed self administered survey questioners and distributed 60 and only 48 of them returned which 80% of the sample. Analysis of data employed by percentages and frequencies to analyze the results of questionnaire using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 and the result will be presented in the form of summaries, such as statistical tables and charts with clear discussions and illustrations. It involves a blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. The study idea started on May 2015 and completed June 2016 with delays. The study found that quality of high education has highly positive effects to graduate employability. The education policy and learning environment also showed that it has moderate effects to graduate employability. The universities have to work hard to improve quality of high education and establish supportive learning environment, government has to work to establish education policy that applicable to the local context and all will contribute future graduates' employability. Finally, further research should be carried out on employers' behaviors and availability of jobs in the market that could be other factors that could have effect to graduate employability.

The study first throws the light on the importance of PR professionals in any business. It distinguishes between the advertisement and PR. The work and role of PR professional is highlighted along with siting the need and importance. It shows how PR professionals can make use of even difficult situation for betterment of the company.

This paper aims to highlight certain facts that help as well as constrain the production and marketing of coconuts in Karnataka. Based on the observation and analysis of the collected data, the paper concludes that both the production and marketing practices of coconut in Karnataka need to be made more professional if it has to continue to benefit the farmers and to assert its role in the Indian scenario.

Married women who work face various challenges in managing both sides of the world. Performing both tasks demand high degree of commitment and the responsibilities that need to be performed may vary across family life cycle. Success in one domain may influence the other. This study examined the relationships between personal factors, job satisfaction and marital quality among respondents from different stages of family life cycle. Participants were 235 married working women from four districts in Selangor, whose husbands residing together with them at the time of the study. Self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The results indicate that there are significant differences in marital quality and job satisfaction between the different stages of life cycle. Women who have more children, older, and have long-term marriage reported lower marital quality. It is also noted that higher educated women tend to have high marital quality while increased in job satisfaction would ensure a better quality marriage among the respondents. Future studies need to consider using longitudinal data to fully understand the impact of job satisfaction on marital quality across the life cycle.

Ottoman Empire was formed in the early thirteenth century by a tribal head named Uthman who was of the Turks living I Anatolia. This government, which was formed based on the conquests, had been the cause of anxiety of European for centuries and this anxiety was real because the Ottoman government had conquered by that time, using Turkish tribes and using warrior tradition (fighting with the pagan), all Balkan peninsula and vast sections of the eastern Europe but with the advent of new centuries, the Europeans gradually gained power and passed the Ottoman in power. The Ottomans who noticed the accomplishments of the Europeans compensated their lagging behind by doing new amendments in the mode of the Europeans. These amendment started seriously in the Ottoman Empire from the early nineteenth century and were followed until the of the age of this empire. These amendments have been followed in the modern Turkey with much intensity.

Population ageing is the most significant emerging demographic phenomenon in the world today. In 1950, the world population aged 60 years and above was 205 million (8.2 per cent of the population) which increased to 606 million (10 per cent of the population) in 2000. By 2050, the proportion of older persons 60 years and above is projected to rise to 21.1 per cent, which will be two billion in number. Old age presents its special and unique problems but these have been aggravated due to the unprecedented speed of socioeconomic transformation leading to a number of changes in different aspects of living conditions. The needs and problems of the elderly vary significantly according to their age, socioeconomic status, health, living status and other such background characteristics. The most of the study is only considering all elderly same factors for study of the issues and problems of elderly. The Indian society structure is form on the basis of the caste of the people. The whole society divided as per their role and function in the society. The allocation of the resources also divided as per the caste, the Dalti in India are the most vulnerable communities in the India due to various reasons. The women condition of the Dalit women elderly are facing multi level exclusion on the basis of the gender, caste, economic, caste atrocities and social exclusion. The paper is demanding that while studying the issues of Dalti elderly need different perspective for studying the issues and problems of the Dalti elderly.

This study investigates the relationship between metacognitive awareness and comprehension of an expository text among secondary school students. It also determines the relationship between the students’ level of metacognitive awareness and their gender, school type, stream and language achievement. A quantitative approach using an Index of Reading Awareness and a set of comprehension test based on an expository test was administered to 110 Form Four students from a national and a national-type schools in Penang Island, Malaysia. The gathered data revealed that metacognitive awareness and comprehension had weak correlation. Besides, no significant relationship was detected between metacognitive awareness and gender, or school type and stream. However, there was a relationship between metacognitive awareness and language achievement. The study underscored that students who score high in the level of metacognitive awareness may not necessarily score as high in comprehension. Furthermore, metacognitive awareness can also be applied to a variety of texts of different subject matters as well as different languages.

The study was aimed at to analyze the social aspect of school climate. The objectives of the study were to highlight the public relations associated with school and to identify the factors that affect the social climate of a school. The population of the study was comprised of the sixty six boys’ high and higher secondary school in public sector at district Charsadda. Out of the target population, twenty two schools were taken as a sample through random sampling technique. The data was collected through questionnaire administered to principals and teachers of selected schools as well as through non-participant observation checklist. The data was screened for errors and cleaned thereof, and then tabulated and analyzed. The findings of study revealed that most of the school had no regular co-curricular activities. Grouping exists among teachers. The relationship between school and community was quite poor and the Parents Teachers Councils were ineffective. Teachers participate in making school base decisions but their criticism is not welcomed by most of the principals. In the schools there are political interventions. Most of the teachers like to have long discussion on politics. Use of abusive language in schools is also observed. There is no proper procedure for social education of the students. It is recommended that the deficiencies might be overcome by strengthening Parents Teachers Councils, discouraging politics and grouping among teachers. Organization of co-curricular activities and social education and use of cultured language should be encouraged.

This paper sets out to compare Immanuel Emanuel Wallerstein concept of globalization and Anthony Giddens. To believe Wallerstein, capitalism system has result of emergence of the bourgeoisie and expansion it, extension of global trade, innovation of new product methods, mass products, possibility of capital accumulation, and globalization this of process the facilitate for countries but to make dependent of the peripheral societies to core countries and so has continues of colonialism to new form. Giddens’ discuss on the modernity global and him known globalization as an unavoidable alternative for modernism and results of expansionism capitalism has lead to new forms in the different countries of world. The modernism view is along with a cultural sub-structure, and aims at creating fundamental economic, social and political changes in developing countries. Giddens says’ that globalization is colonialism reverse and is necessary for development and growth of the global societies. Both they are special look of nation-state role in the process of globalization particularly it’s of effects on life aspects and so quality of life for people of societies.