Social Studies

Somalia has undergone a prolonged period of conflict and insecurity over the last 30 years, with intense fighting, population displacement, food insecurity, lack of centralized governance structures. The political situation in Somalia has been uncertain since civil war began and the state collapsed. The lack of an effective central government has been one of the causes of worsening infrastructure, decline in basic health and social services, violation of human rights and one of the worst socioeconomic situations in the country. Two decades of conflict combined with natural disasters have rendered 40 percent of the population in critical need of help for International Aid with lack of government coordination and national development policy have hindered development of Somalia. After civil war began Somalia has failed to restore peace and stability as well as establishing effective governance system to develop social infrastructure. The general objective of the study was to examine the governance factors affecting social economic development in Mogadishu by measuring political stability, leadership and ethics. The study was used descriptive statistics research design both in qualitative and quantitative. The target populations of this study were the staff of Ministry of Trade of the Federal Government of Somalia and selected 100 people as a sample size using Slovene?s formula. Data was collected through questionnaire and finally processed and analyzed using computer SPSS. Study the displayed findings that political stability, Leadership style and ethics and their relationships with Social Economic Development. The results of the analyzed provided “poor” as the existence of these variables as most respondents responded that represented low quality. The study recommended two issues; leadership and ethical Behavior. These are meant to address policy makers those willing to make a positive change in attainment Social Economic Development.

This study is aimed at investigating the differential amount of importance which materials developers should attach to semi-technical, technical, and core vocabulary in ESP books. To do so, two major authentic introductory books prepared for the students of political science have been examined carefully in terms of their proportion of semi-technical, technical and core vocabulary. In order to examine the utility of books currently taught in the Iranian universities, two preparatory ESP books developed for the Persian students of political science were, also, scrutinized in terms of their proportion of semi-technical, technical, and core vocabulary. Put in another way, an attempt was made to investigate the degree of representativeness of ESP books in terms of the abovementioned types of vocabulary. After the word counts the authentic and ESP books were compared with each other. Results showed that the 40,000 words counted in the two authentic books were comprised of: 63% core vocabulary, 22% semi-technical vocabulary, and 15% technical vocabulary. The 40,000 words counted in the two preparatory ESP books were comprised of 56% core vocabulary, 33% semi-technical vocabulary, and 11% technical vocabulary. Results obtained from the frequency counts in this study lend support to the idea that technical vocabulary by virtue of its small proportion should not assume much import— if not ignored in its entirety. Notwithstanding, materials developers are suggested to place a higher priority on semi-technical, as this type of vocabulary is more frequent and variable.

The contemporary Nigeria society has been a theatre of unending insurgency from the Fulani herdsmen. The spate of violent attacks from these insurgents against farmers in various part of the country has become a thing of great worry to all. This is moreso as the federal government appears unwilling to bring to book those behind the increasing deadly menace. This paper will therefore seek to examine the socio-ethical religious implications of the above insurgency with a view to charting the way forward. Relevant published texts across the country and the structural conflict theory provided the leverage for this study.

Media is considered to be the fourth estate of democracy; they play an integral part in shaping public opinion. India is the land of festivals and elections and we say this because every year more than one of the 29 states are on election mode. But the last 18 months has witnessed heightened interest among Indians in every election and this can be attributed to the massive victory of Narendra Modi led NDA in May 2014. This trend did not stop here as BJP won every state election after that in the months that followed. After commanding an indispensable win, the NDA government faced a strong hurdle from the united opposition. The watershed moment for the political parties was the 2015 Bihar elections. The opposition created an anti-NDA alliance to overcome the NDA. Experts say that the anti- NDA alliance used the media effectively as a communication tool to inject the messages of intolerance in the society and dent the chances of the NDA. Newspaper coverage can create a positive or negative impact on the political image. Media focused on political and social issues that created an atmosphere of intolerance debate nationwide, intellectual class raised the issue and confronted the government by returning their awards famously known as “Award Wapsi”. This research intends to find out how the entire Award Wapsi controversy had an impact on the Bihar state elections. The research further tries to probe if concepts like Agenda Setting and Manufacturing Consent by and through the media helped in this endeavor. Keywords: Intolerance, Election, Award Wapsi, Narendra Modi, Agenda Setting, Manufacturing Consent

Natural gas represents one of the significant resources. It is often considered as a political power by which some of the countries can gain the goals. Nowadays Russia is one of the richest countries with natural gas reserves and production. Russia is a key natural gas supplier for EU member countries. Because of some political reasons Russia reduced gas transporting to Europe to impact on it. Europe tries to find ways out of these crucial situation and problem. The present work aim is to analyze the last year’s gas reduction and their influence on European energy market. Its purpose is also to define Iran as an alternative source of natural gas of Russia for EU. According to the statistical data, in 2016 Iran took the first place in natural gas reserves and Russia took the second one. But in 2017 visa versa. This will help Europe to diversify energy suppliers, reduce Russian influence on it and cooperate with Iran in energy sector.

The society’s attitudes towards women’s occupation are positively changing. Over 68 % of statistical community of Iranian National Values and Attitudes strongly oppose the idea that women should only work at home having no right to involve in outside work., by scrutinizing the first 14 year-newspapers of post revolution in Iran, came to this conclusion that there is a pinhole of hope in attitudes towards women occupation in Iran because the optimistic disposition toward women’s employment has increased from 14 % in the first round (1979-1982) to 33 % in the second round (1983-1987) to 53 % in the third round (1987-1992) The investigation of women’s occupational status in governmental organizations indicates that in 1996 of all working managers in the governmental organizations only 3.14 % were female which declined to 2.98 % in 2001 (Women’s Participation Center, 2003: 3); that is, there is a large gap between the large number of educated women entering the occupational market looking for jobs and the desirable expected status. There is no balance in the economic and cultural structure of Iran; although women are more wiling to enter the governmental organizations, in spite of their higher education, they do not enjoy an equal position in occupations particularly in the governmental organizations and managerial posts (Vatan Parast, 2001: 72).

Market efficiency depends on several things such as stability, confidence, and the flow of accessible information in any country. Others also caution that one must be aware of social or transactional costs which persons grapple with in cases involving political and market settlements. This has to do with “time”, “money”, and the “effort someone loses” in obtaining what he wants during a controversy in the market or political system. This also entails that people should fight less in order to reduce “friction” instead of contributing to this in public matters. Thus, according to Economists, other costs, including search and information costs, bargaining costs, keeping trade secrets, and policing and enforcement costs, can all potentially add to the cost of procuring something from another party. When elections are encountering numerous problems such as they produce risk and uncertainty, economic success may be greatly hampered. Market transactions could be affected. Elections are very important activities, which help nations to elect their prime leaders and parliamentarians. So whenever problems occur due to risk and uncertainties that are involved, the nation in question could fall into pandemonium, which could lead to anarchy. The purpose of the study was to determine how behavioural and social factors cause certain conditions to prevail as a result of conflicts which result from political elections. The use of comparative method enabled the author to combine theories of neuroscience, psychology, microeconomics tools to investigate conditions that occasion these instabilities in elections. Results show that certain behavioural characteristics emerge that illuminate on how leaders perceive themselves in power that negatively influences the political system. The conclusion is that behavioural economics concepts could be utilised to aid leaders in the Third World to desist from certain tendencies which prevent some good governance principles to function in these societies.

 Colonialism has been conceived as a policy and practice of a strong power extending its control territorially over a weaker nation or people. So, a colonial territory is that political entity over which a stronger power exercises political control. From around the mid 19th to about the mid 20th century, what we know today as the Nigerian nation-state was a classical colonial territory. Without bothering to obtain their consent or allow indigenous centripetal leaders emerge, a stronger British power proceeded not only to extend its control over the territorial space, but railroad its diverse peoples and cultures into a commonwealth they neither understood nor bargained for. What followed was a struggle of one group against the other, or others, either to ingratiate itself with the colonizing power, or assert itself against its pretensions. When the later disposition failed or became forlorn, all groups settled more or less for the former. In the midst of this novel social setting, the various cultural norms of transparency and sublime modesty in public affairs began to give way for new social ethos of competition and graft. The emerging urban areas provided a perfect arena not only for the social contact of the various culture groups, but one that saw to the flowering of seeds of dichotomy and discrimination amongst the people. This paper seeks to situate the so-called “culture of corruption” in Nigeria within the colonial environment, and posits that the aphorism, ‘culture of corruption’ is actually alien to indigenous Nigerian peoples. It contends that if the current so-called ‘War against Corruption’ must be successfully pursued, then the sublime virtues of indigenous cultures need to be propagated and adopted as national ethos. Key words: Colonialism, Corruption, Nigeria, Indigenous Culture, National Ethos.

A flood is a natural event that can have far reaching effects on people and the environment. Put simply, a flood is too much water in the ?wrong‘ place. This study was examined the Effect of Flood Management on economic Growth of Somalia. The specific objective of the project was; first to examine, the effect of flood management for competence, strategies and policies on economic growth. The study took from May 2015 to June 2016. The target population of this study was 120 Farmers in Jowhar district, who have been affected by floods. The populations was chosen as they affected floods since 2013 and involved in Farmers, drivers, channel irrigation managers and local authority. The research instrument was survey questionnaires which were used to collect primary data. Questionnaires were used since the study is concerned with variables that cannot be directly observed. The sample size was significantly large (92) used by Slovings formula in a given time constraints, questionnaires is an ideal tool for collecting data The study use both qualitative and quantitative models to analyze data. Quantitative data was coded and entered into Statistical Package for social Scientist (SPSS Version 20.0) and analyzed using descriptive and explanatory statistics. Qualitative data was also analyzed on content matter of the responses and findings and recommendations presented. The correlation between Flood management competence indicated that a positive relationship existed between them This suggests that flood management competence was an important aspect in improving economic growth. The correlation analysis results in also indicate that Flood management strategies had a significant influence on economic growth The Karl Pearson‘s product moment coefficient of correlation suggests a strong relationship existed between the two variables. There was positive and significant effect of Flood management strategies on economic growth. There was also a positive and significant effect of Flood management on economic growth finally, there was need to determine whether there existed a significant relationship between authoritarian leadership and employee performance in Export Processing Zones in Kenya. The correlation analysis shows that a positive relationship exists therefore, it can be concluded that all the variables were significant to the study problem although the degrees of influence varied.

To combat violence against women (VAW) and help VAW victims access proper health care facilities, ensuring a gender-friendly health information system is of special concern. The experiences of VAW victims in accessing and availing proper clinical and psychological services are determined by many factors. Among many, the location or distance of the nearest health care services, availability of doctors, mindset of the husbands, in-laws and relatives, the economic condition of the victim?s family, duration of the treatment based on the severity of the injury are the main factors. Also, the naturalization of domestic violence against women in the grass-roots level is one of the major obstacles in engendering health information system in Bangladesh for which victims are not mostly being able to avail proper health care services. Creating awareness among community people and others involved in health care services and making them gender-aware has no other alternative.