Finance

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of entrepreneurial factors namely; financial, psychological and social factors on women entrepreneurs in Kenya. This has been achieved through addressing five specific objectives namely; examine the effects of financial factors on women entrepreneurs in Eldoret Municipality, establish the influence of psychological factors on women entrepreneurs in Eldoret Municipality, determine the effect of sociological factors on women entrepreneurs in Eldoret Municipality, examine if experience influences significantly women entrepreneurs in Eldoret Municipality and determine if education level influences significantly women entrepreneurs in Eldoret Municipality. The study sampled 184 businesses owned by women out of the targeted population of 424 registered women MSMEs in Eldoret Municipality’s records. The sample was arrived at using stratified sampling at first to categorize businesses into; micro, small and medium enterprises. Proportionate simple sampling was carried out to select a representative of each group and finally random sampling was done to get required respondents. 156 responses were recorded representing 85% of the sample. The study was the survey design that involved descriptive and inferential statistics in the process of addressing its objectives. This method of investigation was found appropriate since it could provide in-depth information on the effects of entrepreneurial factors on women entrepreneurs in Eldoret municipality.

Human capital have become a more sturdy as countries vie for investors investment in an over saturated global market. Most research on foreign direct investment concentrates on social bonds, business relationships and regionalization issues. Little research considers importance of human resource capacity building and its importance for investors within relationships. In this research, we will use secondary data about FDI in Pakistan and human ingeniousness. The result should assist marketers to ascertain whether human capital perceived as important tool for FDI or whether prerequisite for investors. First, conceptual framework was built from the literature included theoretical papers, comparative research reports, and grey literature .Secondly, to investigate the impact of human capital Ingeniousness on FDI, ARDL approach applied on the data collected over the period of 2002-2012.ARDL approach to Cointegration analysis based on ARDL used to estimate relationships among variables. Test results shows that there exists the long run cointgrating relationship among human capital ingeniousness demand, GDP growth and foreign direct investment inflow. This study presents positive and significant impact of human Ingeniousness on FDI of Pakistan. Furthermore, the results indicate that technical bonds interact with social bonds for investor’s solicitation. Human capital allurement are more effective tool in attracting investors attraction and being consider important than those with lower level of Ingeniousness human resources, but may led to more distraction of FDI.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) considered vital for economic development of capital scarce countries, as it provides not only financial assistance but also capital, technology, new jobs, management skill and expertise. Contemporary, FDI is considered a most important source of private external inflows of capital for less developed countries almost in all over the world. Total FDI inflows into Pakistan recorded US$ 3205.4 million during 2008-09 as compared to US$ 3719.1 million in the last year which shows a decline of 13.8%. Likewise Pakistan’s total public debt estimated US$ 39593 million during 2007-08 and such as during 2006-07 per capita debt in Pakistan was US$ 247 million. For empirical analysis secondary data have been used ranging from 1981 to 2007. For estimating the impact of public debt on FDI, simple log linear regression model and the method of Least Squares has been used. The empirical results found statistically significant and indicates that public debt discourages FDI inflows into Pakistan. Thus, it has been concluded, that public debt be managed, through active and proper debt management policy, in order to utilize the maximum benefits of FDI in Pakistan.

This research paper empirically examines a correlation and causality between asset quality of commercial banks in India by using macro variables (linkages). The asset quality is measured in terms of rising non-performing assets (NPAs) of commercial banks. The correlation estimated between gross NPAs and the six macro variables has turned out to be significant. In addition to the study of the impact of macro linkages, sector- specific analysis is undertaken to examine the correlation between priority and non-priority sector lending and NPAs of these sectors. The Granger causality coefficients are also meaningful and significant. The paper also provides sector-specific correlation and causality analysis of gross NPAs of priority and non-priority sectors and credit to these sectors. The latter part of this paper illustrates Net Stable Funding Ratios (Base III) calculated for all scheduled commercial banks and suggests the ways to improve deteriorating quality of assets of scheduled commercial banks.

The study investigated the profitability of catfish enterprises in Ede South Local government area of Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 59 small scale catfish farmers were purposively sampled in this study. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse the socio-economic characteristics, while budgetary analysis was used to determine the profitability, and multiple regression analysis was the inferential statistic used. The result of the survey revealed that 54.24 percent of the fish farmers were male. About 81.3 percent of the fish farmers were married. 59.81% of the farmers fall between the ages of 31-40years. About 62.71 percent of the farmers had tertiary educational qualifications.Most of the fish farmer (39.1%) produced between 5,400 -10,500kg. The mean production of fish farmer was 5,750.85kg.The total variable cost was ?24,623,997. The revenue was ?252,000,000 per annum. The gross margin was ?227,376,003 per annum and the net farm income was ?189,589,795 per annum. The analysis of the benefit cost ratio (BCR) and the rate of returns revealed that catfish enterprise is profitable in the study area. The factors that significantly affect fish output in the study area include: quantity of feed, quantity of labour, quantity of fingerlings, total pond size.

The fishing sector contributes to development and growth in many countries, playing an important role for food security and nutrition, poverty reduction, employment, economic development and trade, fisheries and aquaculture provided livelihoods and income for an estimated 54.8 million people engaged in the primary sector of fish production in 2011. The marine fisheries of Somalia have generally held an important position in the Somali economy and culture. Somalia has a large coastline, covering 3,300 kilometers and a corresponding Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covering 39, 000 kilometers. In 1990, prior to the collapse of the Somali government, fisheries contributed 2 percent of the overall Gross Domestic Product (GDP), an estimated $15 million USD per annum, while providing over 18,000 tons of fish for human consumption. The research explores the role of fishers and aquaculture for sustainable development, economic growth and global food security. To determine employment in the fishing industry leads to economic development and the role of fishing in poverty alleviation in Somalia. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of Somalis economy, the principal exports Somalia's Livestock are fish, charcoal, and bananas. Fisheries play an important role in the economy of Somalia in expanding food supply, raising nutritional level, generating employment, and in earning foreign exchange, in order to increase production of fisher industries. It is of this shortage of empirical evidence on the role of fishing in poverty alleviation that the study intends to reveal the role of fishing in economic development of Somalia as this will guide policy formulation on fishing.

This study proposes a framework that focuses on Islamic banking efficiency with an application of Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (FDEA), which is part of an on-going doctoral research programme associated with the determination of the efficiency of Islamic banking. This study will hopefully will assist researchers in studying the efficiency of Islamic banking to make the appropriate selection of inputs and outputs.

The aim of this paper is explaining the challenges of Indonesian maritime development. The research methodology used is literature review through the documents and focus group discussion of the members of the Maritime Working Group in Rumah Transisi. Indonesian vision as a maritime country is a strategic way in promoting national upgrading. The combination of good economy and strong security in the concept of maritime, is expected to make Indonesian society prosperous and sovereign.

The study finds the relationship between abnormal lower discretionary expenses and future financial performance. Four measures of financial performance measures; Return on Asset (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Earning per Share (EPS) and Price to Earnings ratio (PE) are taken. Manufacturing firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) are selected for analysis and data is collected from year 2004 to 2011. Financial data is collected from the annual reports of the firms and data of market value is collected from business recorder site. Panel data analysis technique, Generalised least square methods is used for analysis. It has been revealed that there is negative impact on firm’s subsequent performance which reduced discretionary expenses to report higher earnings but this impact is not significant.

This paper investigated yield determinants among catfish farmers in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos State. A total of 65 catfish farmers were purposively selected for the study. The analytical technique employed include: Descriptive Analysis, Budgetary Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse the socio-economic characteristics;Budgetary Analysis was used to determine the profitability of the enterprise; and Multiple Regression Analysis was used to analyse the determinants of catfish yield in the study area. The various profitability ratios such as Expense Structure Ratio (0.76), Benefit Cost Ratio (3.13), Gross Revenue Ratio (0.45)and Rate of Return (0.96)indicated that catfish farming enterprise is profitable in the study area. The factors that significantly affect catfish output in the study area are: quantity of feed, quantity of labour, quantity of fingerlings and total pond size. Quantity of labour, quantity of fingerlings and total pond size had positive relationship with output of fish, while quantity of feed had an inverse relationship with yield output of catfish.