Social Studies

The transtheoretical model of behavior change is an integrative theory of treatment that analyses a person's readiness to adopt a new, healthier habit and offers solutions, or change processes, to help them do so. Stages of change, processes of change, and levels of change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance are among the constructs in the model. The transtheoretical model is also known by the acronym "TTM" and the term "stages of change," however the latter word is a synecdoche because the stages of change are only one component of the model, which also includes processes, levels of change, and so on.

Growing public interest and awareness of environmental issues have contributed to the global spread of pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) schemes, highlighting their effectiveness in promoting cultural change toward more responsible and sustainable consumption practices. The objective of this paper, after a systematic review of the literature, is to analyze the system, methods, and calculation of point-based taxation, focusing on the benefits: from the point of view of environmental sustainability, the application of the point-based tariff leads to a reduction in waste, while increasing sorting and recycling; from the point of view of local finances, this could reduce the costs of waste management services, through more efficient use of public resources.After outlining trends in using the PAYT system in Italian municipalities over the past five years, we focus on implementation in Benevento, a medium-sized city in southern Italy. Introducing this system involves several significant investments, funds for which can be raised from Recovery and Resilience Plan funds and through a complex administrative process.

This research work is on building reliable strategies for pension administration in Delta State Civil Service. The aim is to help the Nigeria civil service to build strategies for pension administration in Delta State. The paper adopted the system theory as the theoretical framework. The sources of data collection for this work are primary and secondary source. The study recommended that committees should be set up to conduct the performance of pension boards and other pension agencies also. And responsibilities should be assigned to the right people who have access to the right information concerning retirees.

The study attempted to examine the problem of student’s militancy, causes of irritancy and find out possible solution as they are related to the educational institution in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population of the study includes 20 colleges including fifty per cent private and 50 % public (both genders), their principals and teachers. The sample included 20 colleges (both genders) in public and private sectors. Thus ten colleges including five male and female were randomly selected in public sector and the same proportion in private sector, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Both close-ended and open-ended questionnaires were the tools of the study, which were fielded to principals and teachers. The role of unionism, its advantages, disadvantages, causes of irritancy and suggested measures for solution of problem remained the focus of the study. The data were subjected to analysis, which were given both quantitative and qualitative treatment. The outcome of the study was that the student militancy adversely affected student’s learning and wastage of the valuable time that they could otherwise utilize for purposeful and co-curricular activities. The data were collected at source and analyzed through statistical measures. The outcome of the study was that there were both advantages and disadvantages of student’s unions, which largely depended on their use and misuse. The proposed measures included a couple of implementable suggestions for addressing the problem areas.

The aim of this study is Study and comparison of mental health of women who are working caretaker and ordinary women in Sari city, 2010.The research method is comparative – causal one. Statistical population in this study is 12500 working caretaker women and ordinary women from Sari. Statistical sample in this study is 380 working caretaker women and ordinary women who are randomly selected and given them questionnaire, statistical method used is descriptive and including frequency, percent, average, mean, standard deviation and variance, also deductive statistical methods like T-test and analysis are used. Applied device is mental health questionnaire.

Democracy in the context of Islam is perceived as the responsibility of an individual to choose leaders among them who are capable to withstand justice and prevent evil (amar ma’ruf nahi mungkar). Every Muslim needs to be aware that the responsibility of voting is compulsory for those who have qualified. In Malaysia, majority of the Islamic scholar (Ulema) has agreed that every Muslim has to be involved in the process of election and it is considered compulsory upon them as the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said “When three Muslim men are bound to travel, choose a leader among them” narrated by Abu Daud. In this article, Malay youth is the focus in order to view the involvement in proses of election through the registration as voters, checking the status of voting and participation in the upcoming election. A total of 906 respondents were identified to participate in this research by answering the questionnaire provided. Description method was used to analyse the criteria of the respondent and to identify the involvement of the Malay youth in the election process in Malaysia. The research outcome shows the higher statistic of the respondents to be involved in the upcoming election with 704 respondents (77.6%), compared to respondents who have registered as voters with 550 respondents (60.6%) and the respondents who have checked on the voting status with only 459 respondents (50.6%). Nevertheless, the highest total for the involvement in the next election will not bring any impact and will be meaningless to the overall involvement of youth in the election if there are still many of the Malay youth do not register as voters.

All over the world today, there is monumental degeneration and degradation of everything that hold human together for a better society. There is moral, economic, social and even political bankruptcy. There also exist natural disaster like the catastrophic earthquake – tsunami, great flash flood, hurricane and other natural disasters that have occurred and continue to occur claiming so many lives in recent times. In all these, catalysm, ruinations and great calamities, can humans be of assistance? Can we fix our seemingly titanic and mounting challenges? This paper seeks to analytically establish and affirm the cause of these problems and proffer a way out.

This article examines gender violence and education in Nigeria. Gender based violence is a Universal problem that occurs in every culture. The study is an empirical study of domestic violence in higher institutions in Nigeria. It is a descriptive survey using qualitative and quantitative methods to obtain data from respondents on the magnitude of domestic violence in Nigeria. Seven hundred and sixty nine respondents were selected using random sampling technique. Data collection was done using questionnaire and interview methods. The findings revealed that the violence is a common experience and it affects students’ educational experiences. There is a correlation between the experience of violence and interruptions in higher education.

Somalia has undergone a prolonged period of conflict and insecurity over the last 30 years, with intense fighting, population displacement, food insecurity, lack of centralized governance structures. The political situation in Somalia has been uncertain since civil war began and the state collapsed. The lack of an effective central government has been one of the causes of worsening infrastructure, decline in basic health and social services, violation of human rights and one of the worst socioeconomic situations in the country. Two decades of conflict combined with natural disasters have rendered 40 percent of the population in critical need of help for International Aid with lack of government coordination and national development policy have hindered development of Somalia. After civil war began Somalia has failed to restore peace and stability as well as establishing effective governance system to develop social infrastructure. The general objective of the study was to examine the governance factors affecting social economic development in Mogadishu by measuring political stability, leadership and ethics. The study was used descriptive statistics research design both in qualitative and quantitative. The target populations of this study were the staff of Ministry of Trade of the Federal Government of Somalia and selected 100 people as a sample size using Slovene?s formula. Data was collected through questionnaire and finally processed and analyzed using computer SPSS. Study the displayed findings that political stability, Leadership style and ethics and their relationships with Social Economic Development. The results of the analyzed provided “poor” as the existence of these variables as most respondents responded that represented low quality. The study recommended two issues; leadership and ethical Behavior. These are meant to address policy makers those willing to make a positive change in attainment Social Economic Development.

This study is aimed at investigating the differential amount of importance which materials developers should attach to semi-technical, technical, and core vocabulary in ESP books. To do so, two major authentic introductory books prepared for the students of political science have been examined carefully in terms of their proportion of semi-technical, technical and core vocabulary. In order to examine the utility of books currently taught in the Iranian universities, two preparatory ESP books developed for the Persian students of political science were, also, scrutinized in terms of their proportion of semi-technical, technical, and core vocabulary. Put in another way, an attempt was made to investigate the degree of representativeness of ESP books in terms of the abovementioned types of vocabulary. After the word counts the authentic and ESP books were compared with each other. Results showed that the 40,000 words counted in the two authentic books were comprised of: 63% core vocabulary, 22% semi-technical vocabulary, and 15% technical vocabulary. The 40,000 words counted in the two preparatory ESP books were comprised of 56% core vocabulary, 33% semi-technical vocabulary, and 11% technical vocabulary. Results obtained from the frequency counts in this study lend support to the idea that technical vocabulary by virtue of its small proportion should not assume much import— if not ignored in its entirety. Notwithstanding, materials developers are suggested to place a higher priority on semi-technical, as this type of vocabulary is more frequent and variable.