Literature

Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works often include sordid subject matter, frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth. This study focused on the Sadegh Choobak's Short Story A Man in the Cage from the viewpoint of literary naturalism. In this regard, the story's naturalistic features represented and discussed.

Alexander is one of the most important and permanent characters in history who has affected the world’s literature including the European, Turkish and Iranian ones. This character has been defined in many Persian poems, verses and different anecdotes. The versified story of Alexander (Eskandarnameh) is one of the works explaining that Eskandarnameh belongs to Nezami, the poet in 1300. Nezami is known as an Iranian famous story writer in Iran who has perfectly developed this literal type. He is one of the prominent poets raised from Azerbaijan school. Nezami is famous for one of his books called Khamseh or Panj Ganj. This book includes Leili and Majnun, Makhzanolasrar, Khosrow and Shirin, Haft Peykar and Eskandarnameh. Eskandarnameh is one his verses describing Alexander and it presents this historical character as a world conqueror and a sage. The secret of making this work into a permanent and eternal one is set at featuring Alexander as an idealistic character. This book introduces Alexander by characteristics like forgiveness, peace seeker, fairness and, etc. This essay scrutinizes Nezami’s concepts towards Alexander and his characteristics.

Indian English has a special Indian tone, sensibility, vocabulary and to some extend syntax. Indian writers are naturally faced with many problems and find difficulty in presenting Indian consciousness, thoughts, scenes, reality, culture and belief system. The use of English by Indian authors has always been to suit their tastes and needs. Indians have been writing in English and have achieved considerable success from the very beginning. Indian English novelists have been experimenting with language. They tried to mould the language to suitably communicate Indian thoughts and experiences. It appears that even the early novelists of English were aware of the problems of using a foreign language for literary work. India developed her own idioms in the same process as the other British colonies had done. At the level of vocabulary, the early novelists had to take recourse to various innovations and experiments by retaining a number of culture words in their works. Indian authors made an attempt to give a local flavor to their works, especially in order to satisfy the demand for exoticism by Western readers. The language of the colonizer and the colonized will be in conflict on various levels, as e.g. those of dominance, control and obedience, or of cultural authority and prestige, and of linguistic and cultural identity. This paper deals with language used by Indian authors to retain Indian tone in their works.

Allegorical metaphor is a kind of explicit metaphor in which the elliptic tenor as an abstract form of multiple grounds is compared to an explicit vehicle which is an abstract from of multiple grounds either. This figure of speech is a verbal masterpiece of human being and soaring beyond the heaven of the poetic images which has always had many controversies regarding its quality and quantity during its historical course. This descriptive article using content analysis attempts to study and compare the various and different opinions of the scholars of the art of the scheme from commencing of this term to the art of Arabic and Persian rhetoric up to present time to provide the interested readers of the art of the scheme and device of metaphor with a thorough understanding of the historical course and evolution of that figure.

In Indian education system, there has always been discussion on the issue of English language---whether to marginalize it or to abolish it—by politicians and educationists. Some say that it is the symbol of slavery and colonialism; others say that its use has created a gap in the society, while many advocate for total abolition as it is the outcome of Lord Macaulay’s education system that has created Indian babus (clerks).The aim of the author in this paper is to present the condition English language in Indian backward society on the one hand and to suggest some measures to learn and improve this language, particularly for the learners to whom it is a second language. For, it is observed that the people, who are financially well off, prefer to send their children to the institutions where English is the medium of education and where its use shows a sense of pride.

It is significant that Karanta has made an effort to unravel the sensitivity of women's psychological pains in a way that the female can see her identity as a way of violence, oppression, helplessness. Her sacrifices, sacrifices, patience, tolerance and duty-keeping can be seen in the mind's eye, even in the shackles of female problems

Well-designed course assignments are a critical component of effective teaching and learning processes. It is our responsibility to create an assignment that is reflective of the course goal. Course assignments are created to measure the extent of our student’s knowledge. Therefore, based on our experience and knowledge, we have written below how at Mongolian University of Science and Technology the Profesional English course’s assignments should be created and carried out.

Conflicts in works of literature are expected to show the dominance of good deeds over bad ones. In this way, readers are to be abreast of proper behaviour for the guilty must be punished and the righteous should be rewarded. However, this is not always the case in Igbo folktales. In them, there are three determinants that affect resolution of conflicts. The first is the poetic justice which is the generally expected one. Though there are numerous cases where it is applied, sometimes it is tampered with when it comes in contact with wisdom which unfortunately cannot be distinguished from trickery. Therefore, application of wisdom or trickery is the second determinant. The third determinant is when wisdom is in combination with vengeance. Of these three determinants, the only one that does not fail in Igbo folktales is the last mentioned. It is with them that the Igbo curtail the excesses of both Tortoise and other stronger animals. Therefore, of the three determinants that control the resolution of conflicts in Igbo folktales, the most dominant is the merging of vengeance and wisdom in a character.

One feature that characterized the political history of most African countries is the evolution from colonialism through the rise of nationalist movements to independence and the fall of the first generation nationalists. Headed by the emerging African elite most of whom had just obtained western education in either Europe or America, these nationalist movements began to advocate “self-rule now”. They do so with the promise that the development of African nations will be faster under native rulers. Given the opportunity to rule their nations, however, things begin to change for the worse against the high expectations of the masses. Greed, avarice, nepotism and corruption have taken over, and have eaten deep into both social and economic lives of the people. This study, which is based on the realist approach to literary criticism, seeks to examine the image of the African political administrators in two post-colonial novels – Peter Abraham’s A Wreath for Udomo and Chinua Achebe’s A Man of the People. The purpose is to find out if, in literature, African countries have fared better economically under native rule than under colonial rule.

In an age where existing boundaries of knowledge are constantly challenged by the culture of creativity, English Language Teaching has travelled far from being just a skill-based pedagogy and presented its audience with micro specializations among these skills. With the spread of English as the language of international research and publication, Research Writing as a genre has begun to assume enormous importance. Awareness of its generic features plays a vital role among non-native writers of English since their knowledge of writing in general does not grant them with the ability to handle requirements of research writing genre such as persuasion, argumentation, negotiation, discussion, presentation, etc…The present paper is an attempt to understand the global currency that Research Writing has gained.