Social Sciences

Education has the key role in human capital formation. It empowers the society by increasing awareness, skills, efficiency and productivity, but does it empowers the people who educate the society? This paper scrutinizes the impact of different education levels on teacher’s earnings of public sector educational institutes in Pakistan. By employing Mincerian Human Capital model. A sample of 150 teachers is used for the analysis. Data is collected through field survey and questioner about educational level and experience from public sector teaching staff of Quetta city and OLS Regression method is used to determine the impact of Education and experience on earning. According to our results, completed years of education and years of experience have positive significant impact on monthly income. But years of experience increases income at a decreasing rate.

U.S climate change policy has evolved under various administrations. It has passed through two environmental eras. In the first environmental era which started in 1960’s and ended in 1990’s main focus was on addressing environmental issues domestically by passing a number of environmental legislations. However by the end of 1990’s U.S. realized that climate change issues are beyond the control of sovereign states and only through international cooperation it can be tackled. However U.S was not willing to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, the only existing international emission reduction treaty, pointing out that it excludes developing countries from committing to binding emission reduction targets. Though Clinton administration had signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997, in 2001 George W Bush administration rejected the treaty completely. In the context of framing a new climate change treaty replacing Kyoto Protocol by world nations, if it has to be successful, at first it should ensure the participation of United States, the second largest greenhouse gas emitter. Apart from that, participation of key developing countries is also important; however their emission targets must be set up after considering their population size and per capita income.

The purpose of this study is to address the gaps in the literature and to examine the predictors of job satisfaction. In this study, the hypothesized predictors influencing one’s job satisfaction are a) gender, b) age, c) level of education, d) salary, e) role in the job, and f) years of working in the organization. This study used Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) as a data gathering tool. The questionnaires were administered to 89 male respondents, and 121 female respondents. For data analysis, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was employed. In addition to conducting a multiple regression analysis (MRA), descriptive statistical analysis was also carried out as part of the data analysis. Of all the predictors studied, results indicated gender as the only significant predictor of one’s job satisfaction. Several recommendations for future studies were also listed.

The paper explores the link between Islamic accounting and the cash Waqf. It exposes and introduces the reader to accounting for cash Waqf in medieval times and in contemporary times. It tracesdiachronically the legitimacy and use of cash Waqf, describes Islamic accounting and highlights its relevance for cash Waqf accounting. The paper concludes with an opinion on the application of the seemingly recent phenomenon of Islamic accounting with specific reference to cash Waqfs.

Motivation is possibly the most imperative aspect that educators can target in order to develop learning. Several cross-disciplinary theories have been suggested to elucidate motivation. While each of these theories has some reality, no single theory seems to effectively explain all human motivation. The truth is that human beings in general and students in particular are multifaceted creatures with complex needs and wishes. With regard to students, very little if any learning can occur unless students are motivated on a regular basis. The focus of this paper is to provide the educator with suggestions from each of the motivating forces that can be used to motivate his or her students. What is the finest approach to motivate students? The short answer is that all of the approaches listed in this paper can be used…as often as likely. Educators could start just by choosing and trying the new possibilities for inspiring student motivation. Or, more prominently, educators could watch themselves and their own behaviors to become self-aware of new understandings about motivation.

Institutional ranking has become a competitive trend in promoting quality education across the globe. This ranking system facilitates fare competition in terms of teaching-learning and investment among its various stakeholders namely students, teachers, parents and investors with special focus on academic excellence leading towards lucrative placement in the corporate world. The college and university ranking practice mostly conducted by leading magazines, newspaper, websites, government and academics has been primarily observed since long in the western world especially in the USA and Europe. However it has not remained confined within that territory only; rather it has expanded its boundaries and reached all corners of the world including South- East Asia as well. This article is a critical review of the existing ranking systems available worldwide with special focus on the USA and European college and university ranking practices. Thus this paper has critically reviewed various ranking systems along with their general and specific criteria such as admission acceptance rate, average alumni donation rate, average graduation rate and performance, class size, expenditure per student, faculty compensation rate, faculty with PhD or terminal degree, lucrative placements of alumni, peer assessment, SAT/ACT score and Student-teacher ratio and many more. Finally this study has highlighted many important issues relevant in our context some of which are not feasible to adopt in this very socio-economic as well as cultural context of our country. However the study has been found very significant in the context of our education system to promote fare competition among the relevant stakeholders and ensure quality education both in public and private universities leading towards pertinent placement in the Government and industrial sector.

This paper explored the hedonic price model to demonstrate the effects of housing attributes on the price structure for duplexes in Lekki Peninsular area of Lagos metropolis. The hypothesis that house prices are influenced by a combination of housing attributes was tested with a standard hedonic model using a sample of 193 duplexes sold between 2008 and 2010. Each of the sixteen explanatory variables involved manifested their a priori signs and statistically significant at the required level of significance except for quality of sanitary wares, availability of shopping centers and availability of swimming pool. The results suggest, among others, that structural attributes, particularly attributes that border on convenience, comfort and display of affluence, constitute the principal predictors of duplexes’ prices in the study area.

Panchayath Raj is not a new phenomenon in the country. Its illustration in history goes back to more than 1000 years. Panchyati Raj Institutions have always been considered as a means to good governance and 73rd Constitutional Amendment was effected in the hope that it would lead to better governance and provide political space to the disadvantaged section of the society like schedule caste, schedule tribes and women. The present study was an effort to know the extent of participation of Dalit women elected representative in Panchayath and the problems faced by them. Purposive sampling technique was adopted consisting of 60 respondents from Bantwal Talluk. A pretested, semi structured questionnaire was administered and data were analysed by using percentages and proportions. The findings of the study revealed that Self Help Groups are the major inspiration and determinant factor for the membership in Panchayath Raj institutions. The respondents opined neither the reservation for women nor their actual presence in the Panchayath has become any more sensitive to the problems related to the village women. Most of the women were elected for the first time so they can yet to gain more political experience. A majority of the respondents revealed that financial assistance is a necessary ingredient for their self esteem, their independent functioning and their committed concern and approach to the needs and urges of the people of the area. Bringing women into power is not only a matter of equity, of correcting an unjust and unrepresentative system political restructuring is the key to economic growth with justice. The training of women Panchayath members should be based on their own local experiences and elicit their involvement in preparing a framework that will enable them to analyse and understand their roles and responsibilities in accordance with the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

This paper investigates modernism, postmodernism and globalization concepts. It emphasizes relations between these entities in the process of development and evolutions of societies and views this process as an unavoidable fact. Modernism and postmodernism are both directly related to the globalization process. In general, modernism is considered as an artistic and literary movement accompanied by the lack of homogeneity and conformity that developed within the mainstream of scientific realms and structuralism. Postmodernism, which is inspired by post-structuralism, means changing modern policies and functions into more developed ones. But, globalization is moving ahead, inspired by modernism and postmodernism toward fundamental changes in social life. The modernism and postmodernism views come along with a cultural sub-structure, and aims at creating fundamental economic, social and political changes in developing countries and advance. These changes are in line with development and improvement aims and interests the countries. Globalization should be seen as a continuation of modernism and postmodernism periods.

After independence Tanzania adopted a socialist ideology,‘Ujamaa’.‘Ujamaa’ was a political decision to societal development. It is obvious majority poor were complacent to it. This made many Tanzanians to identify themselves as “wajamaa.” Nevertheless, the economic crisis of 1970s swayed Tanzania to adopt Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) . SAPs are grounded in liberalism. This situation led Tanzania to a dilemma of having liberalism and abandoning socialism since the two ideologies are disputable and can never be applied at the same setting. Apparently, the socialist ideology is identified with Mwalimu J.K. Nyerere, the founder of the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). It is logical that to abandon “Ujamaa” is to illegitimise CCM from the majority Tanzanians. Instead, Tanzania decided to adopt the SAPs in 1980s and remain with Ujamaa on paper for legitimacy. In 1991 Zanzibar Resolution was drawn to entomb core values of “Ujamaa”.It is this particular event which is claimed as marking death of “Ujamaa” in practice. Mwl. Nyerere himself commented in 1993 that “Ujamaa” had been warped. Yet, CCM would argue for existence of “Ujamaa”. The bases for the argument are Article 9(j) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977(URT Constitution) and Article 4(3) and 5(3) of the CCM Constitution 1977(CCM Constitution). This paper argues that Tanzania has currently a “myeloma” in ideology. And thus, it suffers a crisis. Its praxis is absent. Concomitantly, the praxis of liberalism through privatization policies and legislation is repugnant and thus unconstitutional. This leaves the general public confused. Moreover it makes investors lose confidence in business as a result. The paper recommends a wider debate involving all stakeholders be held in guiding the country to one clear direction on ideology.