Literature

This study is an attempt to investigate a comparative analysis using Natural Semantic Metalanguage. The refusal patterns of speech acts was contrasted in English and Persian fairy tales to see if it could provide evidence of applicable efficacy of NSM model which is claimed to be universal. The descriptive technique was the cultural scripts approach, using semantic primes proposed in the NSM theory. The cultural scripts were presented in both English and Persian Metalanguages. The data were collected from some English and Persian fairy tales. The results showed the applicability of NSM model for cross-cultural comparisons. Then, the paper concludes with the pedagogical implications of the development of the theory of cultural scripts for teaching L2 socio-pragmatics in communicative interaction routines.

The purpose of the given paper is to evaluate American English File (hereafter AEF) series (1st ed.). In so doing, to achieve the very purpose, Daoud and Celce-Murica’s 1979 attitude questionnaire was administrated to 50 EFL learners and 20 teachers in a popular language center, located in Bandare –e Anzali, Iran. The questionnaire aimed to elicit the agreement or disagreement of both learners and teachers on a Likert-scale. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that teachers had higher rating in comparison to the students for all the items. In general, there were significant differences between teachers and students in their attitude towards the textbook. Through this investigation, it is hoped that curriculum developers, before selecting a new material, make sure that it is able to meet both the students and the teachers’ need.

This study sets out to analyze the syntactic analysis of George Orwell’s Animal Farm as a way of providing an alternative reading of the text. The studies examine the syntactic functions of some sentence types, cohesion in relation to the text and reference function. All these are investigated. Thus, the principal aim of this study is to show how some syntactic features contribute to the elucidation of the message of the text and thereby enhancing its readability.

This paper investigates types of intransitive verbs in Persian. Although six types of intransitive Persian verbs have one argument in their argument structure, they different to their derivation. We divide them into unergative, unaccusative, passive, attributive constructions, middle constructions and ergative. To classify intransitive Persian verb we use the operations like argument suppression, argument structure, argument deletion and externalization, external argument and internal argument (Williams 1981, Marantz 1984). This research supports the absolute theory of argument structure (Jackendoff 1972, Grimshaw 1990, chung 1993) also this study cast hight or the semantic and syntactic aspects of those constructions.

The aim of this paper is to prove that the women of today undergo self transformation breaking barriers to attain their goal bringing forth societal transformation. Achieving economic independence is the priority and that is dealt with special reference to Nilima in Amitav Ghosh’s novel The Hungry Tide. Nilima, one of the major characters stands as an evidence to Ghosh’s anti patriarchal sentiments and pro feministic attitude demonstrated through her portrayal as a confident and a revolutionary woman. The paper further attempts to trace the efforts put forth by Nilima to constitute a trust titled Badabon Trust in expanding phases, fighting the masculine power, suavely negotiating with superstitious mindset of the tribes etc. and to establish the trust as a model NGO working for rural India. Nilima, a self made woman evolves as a facilitator not only building a hospital but equipping it with electric supply, and providing economic self-sufficiency to the tribal women and to the inhabitants of Lusibari. Nilima’s main objective is to manoeuvre the natural resources to revive the socio economical conditions of women and make them self sufficient and independent to live their lives with dignity, respect and freedom.

Pronunciation is one of the most important skills in English language instruction because it impacts learners' communicative competence and performance. If speakers have very bad pronunciation, their speech will not be understandable to the listeners. This paper examines some of the important issues of English pronunciation instruction. The goals of this paper are to review the history of English pronunciation instruction, discuss the aim of English pronunciation instruction and explain the importance of English pronunciation instruction. The review of literature indicates that teachers should be aware of the aim and significance of pronunciation instruction and if they want to teach pronunciation well they should be taught in EFL pronunciation instruction.

matching of Surah Anam, between interpretation Lahiji and Meybodi, from their verses, sayings and quotations, grammatical problems, syntax and vocabulary, and in general, similarities and differences between these two interpretations, the subject of this investigation. Language of thought story, and his thought is language. Therefore, he expressed that the effects of language, reveal the speaker's ideational system. Meybodi is, Ashari Muslim, a follower of followers of hadith. This, in his interpretation, especially in the second innings, color and smell interpretation is clear. Lahiji, Shiite scholars is that, in place of interpretation and translation bottlenecks, and perfect knowledge of the sayings of the Imams (as) rivals, so his speech is authentic. Language is both simple interpretation, although Meybodi language because of aging, language preference, enjoying the literary spirit, and speak the language heravi Lahiji complicated. Meybodi id noted Scholar that sometimes, in the second innings, his speech is adorned with the ornament of rhyme, but Lahiji of less verbal arrangements, benefited.

Shahnameh is a comprehensive collection containing sixty thousand lines due to mystical, heroic, and historical careers. The mystical career includes the kingdom of Kaumars to Fereidun concerning with Kaveh’s revolution until Rustam’s death. The historical career is based upon the end of Kian’s kingdom and after mingling with heroic tales.One of the most important sources of Shahnameh is Aboomansuri’s Shahnameh. Furthermore, there are some tales about Rustam and Garshasb’s tribes, while the narrator is Azadsarr.Ferdusi has considered the ancestor’s plot very much, he said, he has made a big palace which was untouched by rain and wind, and it would not be disturbed by passing years.

This article examines the notions of (in) directness and politeness in the Persian and English electronic requests of Iranian EFL postgraduate students (nonnative speakers of English) to their professors during their education at Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad Branch, Isfahan, Iran. To that end, the study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate 60 English and 60 Persian e-mails composed by the participants. More specifically, a modified version of request strategies that was proposed initially by Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper (1989) and revised by Bisenbach-Lucas (2007) to fit e-mail request data was employed to analyze the request head act of each e-mail message. Findings from the study reveal that the students employ more direct strategies in their Persian e-mail requests than their English e-mail requests. The results of the study also indicate that students employ more direct strategies for the requests for information, but not for the requests for action. This study argues that e-mail requests characterized by significant directness give the faculty no choice in complying with the request and fail to acknowledge the imposition involved. Therefore, many of them might become responsible for pragmatic infelicities.

Lateral thinking is a special form of thinking which involves collecting the information and making the best use of it. Thinking decides the output of information and the part of lateral thinking enables the brain to get into different mindset. It is all about bringing things that are seemingly unrelated. Problem with most of the Indian learners are not using the acquired information and not attempting to acquire new information. Their mindset hinders their mind to intake, produce and presents the information for the required contexts. Educational system and the socio-psychological background of the learners are considered the reasons for their inability. Improving lateral thinking skills paves the way to keep an open mind to acquire new language habits and to change the mindset in accordance with situations. A conducive thinking environment is created through interactive and creative tasks such as group discussion and Situational speaking in the technology enabled classrooms. These activities make the learners think through the thoughts that nobody would have thought about and thereby provide both the outside and inside inputs to think in a lateral way. It leads the learner to construct something new out of every effort and imagination. The present study reveals that the environment created to induce the lateral thinking skills has helped the learners to improve not only communicative competence but also their comprehension ability.