Finance

The study was designed to identify various factors which affect the job satisfaction of the public sector university teachers. Population of the study comprised of all teachers teaching at the public sector universities of Islamabad. A stratified random sample of 100 male and female teachers was collected from 3 leading universities of Islamabad through a 35 items research questionnaire with six dimensions. Collected data was analyzed through SPSS, results revealed that overall university teachers are satisfied with opportunities of advancement in their profession, satisfied with their management and coworker, but they are unsatisfied with workload, physical work environment and with their present pay structure. Analysis of demographics depicted that female teachers are satisfied with their job as compared to male teachers. Younger university teachers have higher job satisfaction as compared to older ones whereas married teachers are less satisfied with their salaries and unmarried are less satisfied with physical work environment.

One of the key issues in management today is the lack of Job Involvement in employees. This lack ultimately leads to lack of Performance in employees. The study was conducted to see the impact of Job Involvement on the Job Performance and the difference between the females and males with respect to Job Performance. The data was collected using questionnaires. The respondents were mainly from the Banking sector of Pakistan. The results show that there is a positive correlation (r=0.705, p<0.01) between Job Involvement and Job Performance. Moreover, the results for group statistics show there is no significant difference between performance of males and females (µm=48.6744, µf=47.2432) at confidence Levels of almost 35%. The reasons for such results are then discussed.

The sales force's performance is one of the key issues for companies in today's competitive environment. Sales force is the executive arm of organizations in attracting customers and selling goods or services. All efforts of the various units of the organization are summarized as a result of the sales force's performance. As competition intensifies, the importance of sales force performance has increased. Today's vendors are more than ever a dynamic powerhouse in the world of commerce, and their efforts have a direct impact on diverse and diverse activities. Maintain the company's position in the market, evaluate the status of competitors, and ultimately provide the grounds for success and development of the company. This research attempts to investigate the effect of sales force reputation on customer behavior with an emphasis on the role of empirical value added by sales force. The statistical population of the present study is the employees and customers of Iran Khodro authorized dealers in Isfahan city and the number of samples A total of 390 patients were selected. The research type is applied and the method of the survey is descriptive and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and Lisrel software. The results show that the reputation of sales force is influential on economic value, service productivity, service superiority, pleasurable interactions, and the mentioned variables have a positive effect on customer behavior in Iranian car dealerships, and it is suggested that these agents In order to raise the trust of customers, they are more seriously committed to their commitments and are committed to their customers and meet their needs.

The research sought to assess the impact of ISAL and JLL schemes on rural women’s livelihoods. The research was carried in the form of a case study, in which a sample of 60 women from a population of 123 was used. Purposive and simple random sampling procedures was employed in selecting elements from a population of 123 women. Questionnaires and interviews were used in triangulation to collect data on the sample. After analyzing the collected data, the researcher observed that ISAL and JLL schemes improve rural women’s livelihoods through increased household income, improved access to good health, acquisition of household and productive assets. However, there were institutional and beneficiary’s challenges such as poor infrastructure, late loan recovery, inadequate loan sizes, and lack of markets, loan defaults and economic hardships which hinders the effectiveness of ISAL and JLL schemes. The study recommended that ISAL and JLL schemes must make sure that beneficiaries has collateral security before they offer them loans.

1. Abstract “Banks are in the business of managing risk, not avoiding it………” Risk is an unpredictable approach which every business or organization need to go through. To understand the financial behavior one first need to understand what is Risk and its effect on private banking. Considering, the present era, increasing competition, has made risk management an important element for the banking industry. Financial institutions should take charge of risk in order to manage efficiently. Risk management is a method to arrange ,lead ,sort out,and manage the broad mixture of danger to adjust into the structure of organizational routine work long termly and short termly. As risk management, different banks adopt different risk management system, they bifurcate risk into Credit risk, Market risk and so on . The aim of the study is to analyze that whether private banks are satisfied with their risk management system, as every bank carries a risk management approach. Current paper also, talks about the risk and its effect on Private Banks. It includes its types and process of risk management. Paper includes a survey (Questionnaire) filled by 5 private banks which is further analysis through F-Test and ANOVA. Key words: Risk management, Private Banks, Credit Risk, Satisfaction

Generally, all securities are associated with risks. The actual return an investor receives from the securities is related to risks. So it becomes necessary for him to analyze the securities from the view point of their prices, returns and risks. This analysis is useful in understanding the fluctuation of prices of securities and the behavioral pattern of market before one decides to invest in securities. In general short term investors tend to earn more profit in a short period. One of the effective and simple tools used to have an idea for buying and selling of shares to its maximum yielding in 10 days is “Oscillators”. The name itself expresses the oscillating character of price movement from low level to high level. The investor can get the merits of oscillators and be benefited in short term duration. The present study only micro level analysis. Key words: short term, investment, oscillators, securities, investors. Introduction: The word investment has many interpretations as it means different things to different persons. For a person who has lent money to another, it may be an investment for a return. Similarly, if a person purchases shares of a company for the purpose of price appreciation, it is also an investment for him. Investment is a commitment of funds for earning additional income. Security analysis calls for collection of vast information relating to company and market. The market for securities can be regarded as perfect when demand and supply forces determine the prices of securities. Besides the market price, the investors are interested in knowing the intrinsic value of shares. It is the value of net assets available per equity share of the company. It always revolves around the market price. When the intrinsic value is less than the market price, it is advisable to sell the shares. On the other hand, investors intend to buy securities when the intrinsic value of shares held is more than the market price. Thus, the market analysis and estimate of intrinsic value require collection of information from the appropriate sources.

This study attempts to investigate the change, if any, in the volatility observed in the Indian stock market due to the introduction of futures trading. The change in the volatility is compared in terms of the structure of the volatility. This is done to give insights into the way the futures market is influencing the Indian spot market’s volatility. The main objective of the study is to investigate whether there has been significant change in relative volatility of the underlying spot return and futures return. The period of study is from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2010 for the spot prices. The study used three stock indices of NSE namely Nifty, CNX IT and CNX Bank. The index futures time series analyzed here uses data on the near month contract as they are most heavily traded. The study has used four measures of volatility. The study finds that for the three NSE indices, the study rejects the null hypothesis of ‘no significant change in relative inter-day volatility between spot prices and futures prices’ over the entire period 2000-2010, but cannot reject the hypothesis fully for all the individual years. There is significant change in relative intra-day volatility between spot prices and futures prices for all the three NSE indices.

The general objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of capital budgeting decision on merchandising companies in Mogadishu. Specifically, this study investigated the effects of company size, degree of risk and capital intensity on merchandising companies in Mogadishu. Capital budgeting decision rank among the most critical types of managerial decisions made in a company and can have major long-term implications, both positive and negative. Merchandise companies was only succeed if their capital budgeting decisions are made well In order to ensure the importance of capital budgeting decisions for merchandise companies and its determinants play the effectiveness and efficiency in merchandise companies. This study was conducted through a descriptive study. In addition the study employed a survey research design in data collection. The sampling procedure of this study is used non-probability sampling procedure particularly purposive sampling or judgmental sampling. This research employed quantitative data collection method whereby data is gathered by the use of closed ended questionnaires which are self-administered. The data collected was analyzed using the software called Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and results shown in terms of frequency distribution and percentages. A regression model was applied to determine the relationship between Company size, Degree of risk and Capital intensity as the independent variables and Capital Budgeting Decision for merchandise as the dependent variable. Results confirm the varying importance of the determinants of capital budgeting decision on merchandising companies in Mogadishu. In general, the results reveal that Company sizes, degree of risk and capital intensity have significant and positive effects on capital budgeting decision. The study recommends that to improve capital budgeting decision on merchandising companies in Mogadishu, Managers should make use of the DPB on all the projects when the economic situation is not certain, and the use of NPV, DPB and PI should be more frequent as these techniques have been proved to be the best.

This study examined the impact oil price volatility and selected macroeconomic indicators on stock return Nigeria for the period of 2000 to 2015 using Exponential Generalized Autoregressive conditional Heteroscedasticity (EGARCH) model for the volatility Error correction model for long and short dynamics. The results are in three folds: First, the results revealed that oil price volatility has a significant negative impact on stock returns in Nigeria. Second, the results also revealed that there were leverage and volatility persistence in the Nigeria Stock Market. Third, the study confirms co-movement between oil price shock and equity returns in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that the government should monitor developments in the world crude oil market with a view to diversifying the economy away from crude oil dependence to minimize the consequences of oil shocks on the stock market and the economy at large.

The Indian IT companies have devised various innovative measures to face Global financial meltdown which has left its adverse impact on bottom-line of companies across the globe. Innovative strategies have helped IT majors to give improved results. IT sector has to use this downturn as an opportunity to learn, study the market carefully and design strategies accordingly. The IT players should look for servicing customers in new ways; offer them better solutions at affordable price. The paper looks into few critical areas of managerial concern such as Business Resource Planning, Towards Effective Pricing, Better customer Orientation in particular at the time of crisis, Enhancing average revenue per customer, Building long term relations with clients, Innovative initiative to engage bench employees, etc.