Social Studies

Awqaf, guilds, madrasas, and Sufi orders were significant in the creation of civil societies in Islam since the first century A.H. Awqaf in particular, fostered bonds of social connection among members of different backgrounds giving rise to autonomous groups that political authorities always viewed with mistrust leading to protracted tussles between them. This paper contextualizes the ambiguities between the civil society and the political authorities through the prism of awqaf in Kenya. The change to other forms of charities illustrates the dynamics of endowments in Islam and the urge to guard the autonomy of civil groups in the public sphere.

Indigenous knowledge in community based early warning systems is essential for drought monitoring and management. In remote areas, modern technologies for early warning are rare thus indigenous knowledge based hazard monitoring systems are commonly used. This promotes a more effective methodology of disaster management in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Northern Kenya. Communities living in the northern part of Kenya have a wealth of indigenous knowledge passed down from generations and is internalised by the communities through a process of socialisation as part of their lifestyles. Most of this knowledge is not documented and is overlooked whereas this community based practices exhibit a deep understanding and ability to cope with disasters through local actions. This creates a firm basis for assessing indigenous Knowledge (IK) for early warning for Turkana nation and adaptive strategies therein. Descriptive survey research design was used in the study. A population sample size of 902 persons was chosen using the simple random sampling technique. A study sample size was taken at 95% level of confidence. More emphasis was placed in people over the age of 60 years who were able to recall trends of drought occurrences over the study period. The data collection instruments applied included questionnaires, observation checklists and interview guides. The findings of the study showed that indigenous knowledge was invaluable if accurate and reliable drought prediction was to be achieved, hence the need for adoption of this indigenous method for early warning system. Cooperation among the local people in drought forecast improve ownership of findings hence ability to forge sustainable drought mitigation and prevention efforts. The study recommends that there is an urgent need to recognize indigenous knowledge in planning and decision making in relation to matters of drought prediction.

Summary The forestry regime aims at promoting the rational and sustainable management of resources in order to increase their contribution to the economic, social and cultural development of present generations, while preserving forest ecosystems and forest biodiversity for future generations. It was with this in mind that the legislator promulgated the decree of 4 April 1934, the first legal instrument on forestry adopted by the Belgian Parliament. Two years later, the decree of 13 June 1936 was added to the list and attempted to put all indigenous people on an equal footing with regard to forest access and use rights. After the Second World War, the decree of 11 April 1949 on forests had data of an economic nature that obliged the colonial authorities to adapt the forestry legislation. Over the years, the decree became obsolete, ineffective and unsuited to the political, economic, social and especially the global and sub-regional environment. In the same vein, law n°011/2002 of 29 August 2002 on the forestry code is the basic legislative text that regulates forestry management in the DRC. This law wipes out the existing texts, inherited from the colonial period, in order to meet the new socio-economic objectives that the State has assigned to the management of the forest estate. The results of our investigations in Basoko Territory confirm the marginalisation of local communities. On the one hand, they are not involved in the process because their specifications are very often not followed up. On the other hand, local communities are not involved in the management of industrial exploitation at the decision-making level.

According to the United Nations, there were approximately 4.854 million international students registered around the world in 2016. While the mentioned figure was equal to 3.961 million in 2011 [1]. Educational migration is an increasing trend, which brings various benefits to the host countries. Georgia began attracting foreign youth representatives as soon as it started experiencing optimistic economic trends. The growing number of foreign students has had a noticeable, positive impact on the economy and thus, has become a subject of discussion in the society. The present article is dedicated to discussing general characteristics of Georgian immigration profile (such as statistics concerning immigrants) and observing details of students' migration to the mentioned state. Additionally, the work examines diverse recommendations that could increase the number of prospective international students in the country. Analyzing some aspects of the youth immigration to Georgia is a safe mean of acknowledging the realities of Georgian educational sector and finding prospects of further development. Due to the importance of the theme, the article discusses some of the relevant recent researches and statistical data that have been published by various international and local, Georgian institutions.

The desire for political power leads people into politics. Many people come to power in order to influence the formulation and implementation of economic and political ideas which they believe will solve the problems bedeviling their nations. In providing political leadership, use of language is of utmost importance because it facilitates the execution of many political actions. This paper discusses political discourse by examining the inaugural addresses of Presidents J. F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. Inaugurals usually point towards the policy directions of newly inaugurated leaders. The position of the United States of America as a very strong political and economic power makes the speeches of its president incontrovertibly significant. This paper aims at examining the rhetorical strategies of the two presidents whose ideologies are anything but identical.

Improving tomato production is one of the important greatest challenges facing Nigeria government today. Since tomato is an important fruit crop for the country and for individual households, it has important implications for livelihood of rural people. In order to achieve this, several interventions in the sector were done in an attempt to improve production. The study analyzes the tomato production from year 1981-2017. The study was carried out to examine the trend in tomato production and importation, the determinant of tomato production and the effect of tomato import on it producer in Nigeria. Secondary data obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistics and Food and Agricultural Organization were used for the study. Dickey-Fuller unit root test and Co-integration test were employed to analyze the data collected. The result showed that the time series used for the study are all stationary at first difference. The result of co-integration test in the short-run Error Correction Model (ECM) estimation at 1 lag length shows that Agricultural labour, local tomato price and rainfall are significant to tomato production. The result of the long-run ECM estimation shows that Agricultural labour, local tomato price and rainfall are significant to tomato production. The result of the trend local tomato price showed it was stationary at first difference and also positively significant to tomato production at both short-run and long-run ECM estimation which indicates that local tomato price time trend has being favourable for tomato production. Result of the trend of agriculture labour showed that it was stationary at first difference and positively significant in the short-run and positively in the long-run ECM estimation to tomato production which indicates that agricultural labour time trend is inversely related to tomato production. All this can be due to the country not depending on importation of agricultural produce, food production through agriculture to the masses by the government within the country, implying that the government support production and more exportation resulting in an government increasing revenue. It is therefore concluded that more agricultural produce should be produce in the country to control importation.

Brexit is a fact and Bulgarian political scientists are left to answer the question, how EU after Brexit should be communicated to citizens and especially to students. What will the impact be in the spheres of politics and economic. There is a need for political changes on our everyday life and the need of mor? solidarity, cons?nsus and compromis? in political d?cision making. Events such as Br?xit ar? n?w in th? ?U Studi?s. One way to analyze them better in class is with the stud?nts engaging in th? act of "making politics". This chapter explains the chall?ng?s faced by political scientists which is to ?nsur? that th? stud?nts will b? provid?d with th? n?c?ssary toolset to pr?par? th?m to b? activ? European and global citiz?ns.

Toda embroidery is a genetic specialty which is set apart by its geometric themes and delightful completion, it seems like a woven material; however, in the specific structure, it is weaving that is performed on cotton fabric with red and dark woolen threads. This particular style of weaving is privately known as "Pugur" or "Pukhoor. The reason for this work is to revive and report the weaving of Toda. In India Toda is found in Nilgiri area in Tamilnadu state. Toda clans are acclaimed for their conventional weaving called Toda weaving, which is less notable as an art for the outside world. This study was conducted with the aim of studying toda's fine artistic values, studying the relationship between toda, fabric structure, the revival and documentation of embroidery Toda to excute fashion accessories. This study will be a stage forward to carry new measurements to the world of fashion design.

Education is bound to be affected if safety and security concerns of students are not addressed fully. The objective of the study was to determine the role of financial resources in implementation of school safety measures in public boarding secondary schools in Trans- Nzoia County, Kenya. The study used descriptive survey research design. The study targeted 754 teachers from 40 public boarding secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia County. stratification and simple random sampling were used to select boarding secondary schools. The total sample was 143 teachers. Questionnaires were used as data collection instruments. Data was analysed using descriptive statistical techniques that were frequencies and percentages. Data was presented in tables. The study found out the ministry of education had no provisions for allocation of funds to take care of safety needs and requirements in the institutions. It ascertained that the secondary schools have vote heads allocated for the purpose of catering for the safety needs and requirements though in many instances the schools diverted the funds to other needs that they felt were more pressing owing to situation of shortfalls in financing and budgetary deficits. The government through the Ministry of Education should ensure that Standard Safety Guidelines are availed to all schools and the schools be allocated sufficient funds to be able to implement the guidelines. Funds should always be availed at the required times to allow for the provision of infrastructure for safety requirements and the allowing of purchase of tools and implements for safety needs.

The movement of people from one society to another society is called migration, this may be contemporary or permanent basis. This study assessed the consequences of rural-urban migration on the source region of Ughievwen clan in Ughelli South Local Government Area. secondary sources data were collected from journal publications and other published materials from textbooks and official gazette. The findings of the study show that females migrate more than the males in Ughievwen and migration is high within the age cohorts of 15-25 years and 26-35 years. Moreso, migration decreases with age, and this may be due to the higher psychological cost for migration associated with older people. Most of the persons in the community had acquired just their basic education. Thus, most of them are willing to migrate to major cities to obtain higher education. It has been widely observed that the propensity to migrate increases with education. Furthermore, the study revealed that migration is affected by socioeconomic, demographic and cultural factors. It was recommended that functional social amenities such as electricity, pipe borne water should be provided in the rural areas as a way forward against rural-urban movement