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Central focus of the study was to check perception of students concerning importance of teamwork. Students belong to Pakistani and English origin were unit of analysis in our study who were approached to make their opinion regarding teamwork. A questionnaire was prepared with likert scale from 1 strongly agree to 5 strongly disagree for the sake of collecting data. Later on normality, reliability and t test were applied to check perceive importance of teamwork. Findings revealed that both societies are agreed on common benefits of teamwork and null hypothesis were partially accepted.

We are very happy to announce that from 7th April 2014, Prof. Ibrahim Ramadhan Agool has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Semiconductors. Prof. Ibrahim Ramadhan Agool is currently working as Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Iraq. The appointment of Prof. Ibrahim Ramadhan Agool as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

This study was conducted in Gedarif town; Gedarif State, Sudan in (2003-2006). The objective was to test the hypothesis that, the wild silkworm Epiphora bauhiniae (Guerin-Meneville) has ability to produce a lucrative silk fiber (cocoons), of commercial value, during the rainy season. A comparative study was done to determine the average values and basic production indices, of the wild silkworm, fed during the various months of rainy seasons August, September and October). The technological traits (cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio) of the produced cocoons were investigated under laboratory. Cocoons produced showed high weights, during the rainy season, particularly in August and September. The study revealed that, the cocoon of E.bauhiniae, easy to be degummed and released from cocoon by hand, after treatment using NaoH solution (low con. 0.25%). The fibers have high ability or capability of dyeing absorbency. Sericin percentage was 44%. Cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio ranged between (1.5 - 2.98 g, 0.37 - 0.59 g, 22.5 – 24.5 %, respectively). The technological traits were significantly varied, within the period of the rainy season, i.e. the values obtained during August and September was higher than October values. This study showed the potential of E.bauhiniae, as an important wild silkworm, to be a candidate as a commercial insect, for silk production in Sudan, because it is a bi voltine race (generate twice a year) beside that its products covers all quantitative and qualitative traits and accordingly this insect will have prominent concerns to contribute and help in future to defeat poverty and boost farmer income. This study claimed to be the first study that, showing the technological traits of E.bauhiniae in Sudan and open the door widely for the insect not to be placed out in the cold.

This experiment was conducted in a controlled environment, to evaluate the effects of Pre-treatment salts different on the characteristics of seeds Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi) implemented. Experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with 4 replications. Pre-treatment included: potassium nitrate (1%), potassium phosphate (1%), sodium chloride (1%) and distilled water which was the control experiment. Seeds were submerged for 72 hours with aeration in treatments and then seeds dried and number of 50 seeds were on filter paper 30 x 30 towel method. The results indicated that in the pre-treatment, most positive effect on the germination coefficient of Ajowan plant was potassium nitrate, in other words,the seeds in less time, had the highest percentage of germination . Means comparison showed that the highest and lowest positive effect on the average time required for germination in plant Ajowan were potassium nitrate (6.9 days) and sodium chloride (9.3 days). According to results, the pre-treatment for 72 h with potassium nitrate 1% Seeds Ajowan recommended.

The rise of insecurity in the urban area, more so in rural areas has seen the gap created by the Kenya’s police service in dealing with the increasing levels of insecurity. The inclusion of the private security agencies has seen this gap filled. However, the gaps created between the two agencies include; the lack of intelligence and information sharing, mistrust and misinformation, lack of resources and structures that affect community policing efforts.This paper recommends proper formulation of mechanisms and structures to counter crime.

Water pollution is a major global problem that requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (from international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, industrialized countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. Water quality issues are a major challenge that humanity is facing in the twenty-first century. Here, we review the main groups of aquatic contaminants, their effects on human health, and approaches to mitigate pollution of freshwater resources. Emphasis is placed on chemical pollution, particularly on inorganic and organic micro-pollutants including toxic metals and metalloids as well as a large variety of synthetic organic chemicals. Some aspects of waterborne diseases and the urgent need for improved sanitation in developing countries are also discussed. The review addresses current scientific advances to cope with the great diversity of pollutants. It is organized along the different temporal and spatial scales of global water pollution. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have affected water systems on a global scale for more than five decades; during that time geo-genic pollutants, mining operations, and hazardous waste sites have been the most relevant sources of long-term regional and local water pollution. Agricultural chemicals and waste-water sources exert shorter-term effects on regional to local scales.

Anticonvulsants are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of epileptic seizures. The goal of an anticonvulsant is to suppress the rapid and excessive firing of neurons that start a seizure. The use of current antiepileptic drugs has been questioned due to the non selectivity of the drugs and the undesirable side effects posed by them. This lead to the search for antiepileptic compounds with more selective activity and lower toxicity continues to be an area of investigation in medicinal chemistry. Semicarbazones are compounds which are synthesized by the condensation of semicarbazide and aldehydes/ketones. The literature survey revealed that semicarbazones had been emerged as a compound with broad range of activities including anticonvulsant, antitubercular, anticancer and antimicrobial activity. In this review chemistry and anticonvulsant activity of semicarbazone analogues are discussed.

Tropical forests are more diverse than the other terrestrial ecosystems by possessing greater number of life forms. It is widely accepted that the identification and prioritization of important centers of biodiversity are necessary at both the national and the global scale for conservation action. Indian subcontinent, with diverse bio-climatic regions supports one of the richest flora and fauna. The increased human pressure and consequent effects on the landform and land use changes has a profound effect on the present vegetation and the biodiversity. The present study is one of the important parts of Gangetic plains whose flora is unique to India because of the tropical drier and occasionally humid climate, it provides the information on the present status of biodiversity of the forests of Dalma in Jharkhand state through analyses of phyto-sociology and remote sensing data, as to their structure and compositional variations correlated with topography, fragmentation and threats operating, which may be useful for planning and monitoring sustainable management of forests and conservation of biodiversity. The objective of the present study is to present initial information of vegetation through the application of RS and GIS techniques along with a phytosociological analysis of the forests for their diversity and it’s based on three major approaches i.e. Remote Sensing, GIS and Ecology.

Purpose of the paper is to examine the presence of market anomalies and how stock prices are affected due to market anomalies which may affect investors’ returns. It is a conceptual paper and it will definitely helpful to know how market anomalies affect the concept of efficient market hypothesis and importance of anomalies for the investors while decision making. In literature there are contradictory views for negative Monday anomaly and Positive January anomaly and this paper put the attention of investors on the factors that cause financial anomalies. It is proposed that we can find more accurate results about negative Monday anomaly and Positive January anomaly if different sectors of the economy will be observed separately.

Weather Generators (WGs) are widely used in water engineering, agriculture, ecosystem and climate change studies because observed climatic series have deficiencies related to length, completeness and spatial coverage. WG models can simulate daily temperature data in a few parametric ways. One way is to simulate daily minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures using an autoregressive model. Another way consists of the simulation of daily average temperature (Tav) and daily temperature range (R) and then the calculation of Tmin and Tmax indirectly. In this study, four different algorithms were assessed for daily temperature in combination with a well-tested weather generator. M1 and M2 algorithms simulated the daily Tav and R values directly and Tmin and Tmax indirectly. M3 algorithm simulated Tmin and Tmax and M4 algorithm simulated Tmin and Tav directly and the other variables indirectly. The results showed that each algorithm could perform better in simulating primary variables (which are simulated directly). This issue was more considerable in relation to daily R values. M2 overestimated the cross-correlation coefficients of this variable because of the assumption of a strong autocorrelation structure between primary variables in the WG model. M3 and M4 outperformed the other algorithms in relation to most studied indices. This study showed the importance of choosing the best temperature generation algorithm according to the requirements.