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Nigeria accounts for about 16% of the Shell’s global oil business ventures, and about 7% of total profits. Shell has come across a wide range of sustainable development issues throughout its operations. Against this background, this study examines the performance (environmental and social) and efforts by Shell Nigeria in moving their operations in the way that promotes sustainability; and also looks into the hindrances to implementation of the practice of sustainability. The operational data and the company statements were used to access and explain the company’s approach to sustainability. Shell’s progress in this approach was evaluated and its performance were analysed from data on its social and environmental reports for seven years (2005 to 2011). The general approach of Shell indicates that it understands sustainability issues fronting it and the actions required to improve sustainable performance. Despite Shell’s good progress in social and environmental performance over the years, as expressed in their annual sustainability reports, there still exist some challenges and worries particularly in the areas of oil spills, gas flaring and security in the Niger Delta. Among other obstacles, the operational spills in Nigeria have no significant environmental improvement over the years, and have contributed to the volume of global operational spills in Shell. It claims that 72% volume of the spills is from sabotage and theft, and the remaining percentage is due to its own operational failures and ageing facilities; but its 2011 report shows an outrageous oil spill due to its operations over the sabotage spill. Shell is encouraged to target long-term performance in sustainable development that is robust across economic, social, environmental and political spheres in Nigeria.

Proton (¹H), proton decouple phosphorus (¹H{³¹P}), and phosphorus decouple proton (³¹P{¹H}) NMR  of propyl isopropylphosphonofluoridate in an environment of water have been produced and resonances peaks obtained have been assigned. The ³¹P{¹H} spectrum of the chemical gave two resonances peaks with chemical shifts at 28.505 and 34.129 ppm, which is an indication that propyl isopropylphosphonofluoridate has undergone degradation to produce two phosphorus containing chemicals. This does not come as surprise, since in water propyl isopropylphosphonofluoridate undergoes hydrolysis to produce to two chemicals, propyl isopropylphosphonate and isopropylphosphonic acid. The resonances at 28.505 and 34.129 ppm are assigned to isopropylphosphonic acid and propyl isopropylphosphonate respectively. The ¹H and the corresponding ¹H{³¹P}NMR of propyl isopropylphosphonate produced five resonances peaks in the NMR spectral. These resonances are consistent with the structure of propyl isopropylphosphonate. The ¹H and ¹H{³¹P} spectral of isopropylphosphonic acid also produced two resonances peaks with chemical shifts at 1.03 and 1.75 ppm respectively which is consistent with the structure.

Our research found that prenatal alcoholism leads to increase of NO induction and nitrosine stress in the brain of newborn rats, evidenced by the increasing of nitrotyrosine in citosole and mitochondria. By adjusting the ratio of mitochondrial/cytosole concentrations of NO and reactive oxygen forms, cerebrocurin and tiocetam limited the effect of these compounds on the activation or deprivation of the processes of gene expression, transcription and translation in neuronal cells of brain of animals that survived the prenatal alcoholism and, thus, may provide the normal development of the cognitive functions of central nervous system. And increased expression of the protein bcl-2 in the group of animals receiving cerebrocurin and tiocetam, testifies to the activation of antiapoptosis protection of damaged neurons.

The present study was designed to investigate the school teachers’ awareness towards Individual differences at primary level, study also intends to compare the awareness of individual differences among government and private teachers at primary level. Due to limited time available for study, only 24 primary schools were randomly selected for the purpose of collecting data. 120 teachers from these schools were randomly selected a sample for study. A questionnaire was constructed for teachers which included 30 items, data was collected through personal visits of the schools. Data was analyzed in the light of objectives through two-way chi-square. Private school teachers are aware of the concept of individual differences as compared to government school teachers. In private sector school teachers respect individual differences in their classes as compared to government sector school teachers.

A novel and selective method for the fast determination of trace amounts of Co(II) ions in water samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the selective formation of Co(II) ions using mesoporous organo-silicas mesoporous silica at different pH followed by elution with organic eluents and determination by atomic absorption spectrometry The preconcentration factor was 100 (1 ml elution volume) for a 100 ml sample volume. The limit of detection of the proposed method is 1.0 ng ml?1. The maximum sorption capacity of sorbent under optimum conditions has been found to be 5mg of Co per gram of sorbent. The relative standard deviation under optimum conditions was 3.0% (n = 10). Accuracy and application of the method was estimated by using test samples of natural and synthetic water spiked with different amounts of Co(II) ion.

Leaders are backbone in an organization. They are the one that determine the direction of an organization whether to be further victorious or not. Leaders have an undeviating and massive impact on the followers as well. Past research indicated that when followers are selecting their leaders it is based on many indistinct characteristics. Thus this study is to identify the characteristics that develop into the factors to select a good leader among students. Findings from this present study indicated that from the five dimension of independent variables (responsibility, education, personality, skill and gender), three (education, personality and skill) were directly associated with selecting a good leader among the students. Among the three, education had the biggest impact on selection of a good leader among students. Education being the most imperative factor because a leader with first-class education will gain reverence without much difficulty, be trusted and their words are considered to be more significant and grant greater impact on the followers. It is highly hoped that information gleaned from this present study will shape and produce leaders with first-class qualities for the world of tomorrow.

Consumer behavior analysis is based on consumer’s buying behavior. It aims at improving business performance through an understanding of the customer’s preferences and desires. In today’s world of growing competition where there are numerous brands selling the same products, consumers have an abundant number of choices and many diverse factors influence their buying behavior. The purpose of present paper is to compare and analyze the behavior of Dairy products consumers in Kermanshah and Kurdistan which addresses to the relationship between the aspects of consumers' behavior, demographical variables and their importance in each studied city. 92 individuals in Kermanshah and 102 individuals in Kurdistan were randomly sampled and accepted to answer. By measuring each index by determining variables which could measure them, we studied and compared both communities by using Kolmogorov – Smironov as well as Cramers V and Freedman tests. Research findings show that mental and personal factors in Kurdistan have more impacts on the behavior of processed meats than Kermanshah so that there is a significant difference between such factors in studied cities. In the meantime, it became clear that the importance degree of each behavioral aspect of consumers in Kurdistan and Kermanshah is somehow in harmony: 1. Personal factors, 2. Mental and hidden stimulant factors, 3. Social factors.

The corporate sector is vital mainstay that contributes towards the economic development of the country. This study examines the relationship of training opportunities, career opportunities, and work Motivation and satisfaction on employee commitment. The result of conceptual study shows that career training opportunities, career opportunities, and work Motivation and satisfaction have a positive relation with the commitment of employees in corporate sector of Pakistan. Organizations that provide career and learning opportunities have a committed workforce that has ultimately boosted the performance and productivity of the organization. Other factor of job related variables such as work motivation and job satisfaction has also a significant positive link with employee commitment. Conclusion, future research direction and recommendation are discussed in the end of paper which will help future researchers to better understand the phenomenon.

This study examined the effect of bank credit to the private sector on economic growth in Nigeria using data on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and bank credit to private sector (BCPS). Inflation and interest rates were included in the study as control variables. All data were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and span across 1981 to 2010. Data stationarity were ensured using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) statistic, while the OLS were applied to ascertain the impact of bank credit to the private sector on economic growth. Results of the analysis showed that bank credit to private sectors has a statistical strong positive relationship with GDP and that as expected, bank credit to the private sector has statistically significant effect on economic growth. The paper recommends that the CBN should lower its minimum rediscount rate to a moderate level that will enable banks fix low interest rates on their loanable funds while adopting direct credit control to favour preferred sectors like Agriculture and manufacturing. Finally, monetary authorities should through monetary policy reduce legal reserves requirement for banks to enable the banking sector to create more credit for the economy. This will enhance investment, job and employment opportunities which on the other hand will boast economic growth in the country.