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The problem of Reoptimization of Steiner Tree is a NP Hard problem. Given a graph and a optimal solution of the Steiner tree and then after a slight modification is done in the initial instance, then a new Steiner minimal tree is to be determined. This is known as reoptimization of Steiner Tree. Several cases of reoptimization of Steiner tree have been discussed. This paper presents a comparative analysis of some of the previous work done on reoptimization of Steiner Tree.

Wave propagation method (WPM) is utilized, for the first time, to study the resonance response of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The damping coefficient with in the interaction of tip-sample, which is assumed as a linear visco-elastic force, is considered in this paper as it has been neglected in the WPM studies of beam in previous investigations. Experiment and analytical results are provided in order to show the reliability and correctness of WPM method. The results are in good agreements with the experiments and show that the WPM is more accrue than analytical method.

The anti MRSA properties of mango seed kernel ethanol extract (MKE) were investigated. The MKE was separated by reverse phase HPLC with acetonitrile linear gradient and also identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and Infrared (IR) for structural characterization of antimicrobial tannin compounds. It showed significant activity against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the MIC of 0.03mg/ml. These results indicated that the active component of the MKE was a type of complex Tannin.

Finding Shortest path in a graph has been the area for many researchers. Shortest path is one of the fundamental and most widely used concepts in networks. Here, we discuss the Shortest Path Length (SPL) from a specified vertex to all other vertices in a network. For illustration, a real life example has been considered from Chennai to kanyakumari roadways transport network.

Industrial sickness is a universal phenomenon, over the years the problem of the industrial sickness has grown not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. In India, the problem of sickness in industries has become very acute. It adversely affected the health of the industrial sector in particular and the economy of the country in general. This paper covers the causes of sickness in the cooperative sugar factories in Andhra Pradesh with reference to NCSF and to examine the revival / closure strategy of NCSF. The present study is based on secondary data and is substantiated by discussions and interviews with the officials of NCSF. The data is analysed by using appropriate statistical tools like averages, trend analysis and percentages. In order to identify the forewarning indicators of industrial sickness in Cooperative sugar factories, L.C. Gupta model of four financial ratios such as (1) EBDIT \ NS (2) EBDIT \ GTA (3) OCF \ NS (4) OCF \ GTA are also applied. It concludes that the originating factor was management ineffectiveness. The management could not make the farmers understand the importance of survival of NCSF. The management could not convince the farmers to continue to produce sugarcane for their survival vis-à-vis the NCSF’s survival. EBT was negative for all the years but for 1998-99 it was positive due to interest waived. All these indications show that the organization was never sound, ultimately leading to sickness.

Slums are the expression of poverty, group inequality and social exclusion (Slums of the World-2003). Slums are distributed throughout the Srinagar city. Clustering was done to study the socio-economic attributes of slums in Srinagar city. These clusters show inequality in social and economic conditions due to marginalized location. The present paper attempts to examine the socio-economic setting of slums in Srinagar city.

The present paper is an attempt to explore the status of teacher education in Pakistan with reference to challenges in the field of teacher education curriculum and teacher education institutions. The objectives of this study were to find out the challenges faced by the teacher education institutions and to highlight the factors responsible for the low performance of the teacher education institutions. It was a theoretical study in which available related literature was explored. Major findings inferred from review were that teachers educators are reluctant to change in curriculum or in teaching methods, the entry criteria into teacher education programmes is low, usually whoever does not get any other opportunity, his/her last choice becomes teaching, no national standards for entry qualification of teachers, lack of professionalism in teacher educators, isolated curriculum which has no connection with realities of classroom and school environment, lack of planning for teaching practice, political interference, lack of infrastructure and lack of research and innovations in the area of teacher education, lack of promotion structure of in-service teachers and lack of Incentives for teachers for appearing in continuous professional development programmes. The quality education is strongly related to the quality of teacher education in any education system. Today, teacher education institutions are facing multiple problems and confronted with number of challenges. In order to face these challenges we need complete renovation of our teacher education programmes. The status of teacher education in Pakistan can be raised by certain measures in order to meet the challenges in teacher education field offering incentives for educators for successful implementation of any innovative programmes of teacher education, raising the entry criteria /standards of into teaching profession, making teaching profession attractive , teachers’ training for developing professionalism in teachers, course on professional ethics, courses may be redesigned to make it correlated with real practices and problems of classroom and school, teacher education curriculum may be made more practice-oriented rather merely theory- oriented, raising, budget for education, stopping political interference in teachers’ selection and transfer, introducing separate teacher education cadre and a national commission for teacher education, conducting research for resolving teacher education problems and bringing innovations in teacher education programmes, relating in-service teacher education programmes to teachers’ concern.

The conventional propellers for marine application are the standard Propulsion System for surface ships & underwater vehicles. These propellers are metallic alloy type like NAB (nickel aluminum bronze), NMnB, and MnAlb etc. Because of their high strength and stiffness, But they create more vibrations & noise, expensive machining process ,poor acoustic damping properties ,low corrosion & fatigue performance. The present proposed study on the composite marine propeller which is contrary to metallic propeller properties & has advantages like high strength to weight ratio, stiffness to weight ratio &has most unique characteristic shape adaptability. The propeller design is to be carried by The standard KCD-series model propeller with 5 blades.it require high end modeling to get a required hydrofoil shape is carried in CATIA .The structural &vibration analysis will be done in ALTAIR OPTISTRUCT FEA to compare the metallic & composite to evaluate the suitability of composite material for marine propeller. Than analysis is carried for different layup materials of composite propeller to get an optimum stresses, deflections and normal modes of frequencies.

Chemometrics is the application of statistical and mathematical methods, in particular multivariate methods, to handle chemical or process data. In this study, the global and reactivity descriptors with multivariate methods have been utilized as a potential tool for grouping of cyanuric acid. The global and reactivity descriptors of cyanuric acid tautomers were analyzed using Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) in different solvents. The tautomers constitute groups are similar in three solvents namely THF, DMF and water, but in ethanol solvent show different groups. In three solvents (THF,DMF and water), five tautomers, CA2, CA4, CA5, CA6 and CA7 constitute one group, but CA4, CA5, CA6 and CA7 unique well distinguished from the rest. The CA8, CA9 and CA1 tautomers constitute second group and CA10, CA11 and CA3 constitute a cluster of three tautomer types. In ethanol solvent , three tautomers, CA5, CA6 and CA7 constitute one group, the CA8, CA9 and CA1 tautomers constitute second group and CA10 and CA11 constitute a third group and CA2,CA3 and CA4 constitute a fourth group. The HCA results are very similar to those obtained with the PCA results.

Carbonic gas by chemical formula CO2 and having acidic property (weak) has many uses as a primal material or intermediate. The first step in produce CO2 gas is diesel combustion. Basically, the conventional methods of fuel combustion, the burning of excess air for complete combustion is used but the CO2 gas production unit must be careful that the air was completely theoretical and no excess air is consider. Because of the separation of CO2 from combustion gases, Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA) solvent is used. This solvent is an amine alcohol with the chemical formula , that because of having alcohol structure is highly sensitive to oxygen And in contact with free oxygen, the alcohol agent becomes to aldehyde and acid That eventually led to the deterioration of the solvent can cause several side effects such as decrease in production rate, the loss of solvent, the phenomenon of corrosion, foam and …This article examines the designed parameters of carbonic gas production unit's solvents in the way of diesel combustion.