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Differential Item Functioning (DIF) is a statistical method that determines if test measurements distinguish abilities by comparing two sub-population outcomes on an item. The Logistic Regression (LR) statistic provides an effect size measure that can give the magnitude of DIF. The purpose of the study was to investigate through simulation the effects of sample size, ability distribution and test length on the Effect Size (ES) of DIF and their influence on detection of DIF using LR method. A Factorial research design was used in the study. The population of the study consisted of 2000 examinee responses. A stratified random sampling technique was used with the stratifying criteria as the reference (r) and focal (f) groups. A small sample size (60r/60f) and a large sample size (1000r/1000f) were established. WinGen3 statistical software was used to generate dichotomous item response data which was replicated 1000 times. The findings of the study showed that whereas sample size and ability distribution had significant effects on the ES of DIF items when LR was used, test length had no statistically significant effect on the ES of DIF items. However, the number of DIF detections using LR statistic increased with test length regardless of the nature of Ability Distribution, The findings of the study are of great significance to teachers, educational policy makers, test developers and test users.

Organization need to have set objectives and goals for sustainability and profitability. These can only be achieved through strategic management practices. Mission vision and goal setting in an organization can only give an organization a desired goal to be achieved .this proposal therefore seeks to identify effect of strategic management practices on the performance of an organization. The study general objective is to assess the effect of strategic management practices on the performance of shabelle relief & development organization (SHARDO) Mogadishu Somalia the study specifically sought to achieve this objective through the investigating the effect of strategic direction on performance of shabelle relief & development organization (SHARDO) Mogadishu Somalia, examine the effect of strategic innovation on the performance shabelle relief & development organization (SHARDO) Mogadishu Somalia, establish the effect of strategic communication on the shabelle relief & development organization (SHARDO) Mogadishu Somalia and identify the effect of organization culture on the performance shabelle relief & development organization (SHARDO) Mogadishu Somalia. The study used descriptive research design. The study targeted a population of 128 employees of Shabelle Relief & Development Organization in Mogadishu Somalia. The study sample size was 91 employees of Shabelle Relief & Development Organization in Mogadishu Somalia. Both secondary data and primary data were used in the study. Primary data collected with the aid of questionnaire was edited, analyzed quantitatively using SPSS version 24. Inferential statistics was done with regression analysis model where the researcher tested the correlation between strategy implementation and performances of NGO’s. from the findings, the four independent variables collectively accounted for 77.4% of the variations in organization performance at SHARDO. The study further indicated that organization culture, strategic communication and strategic innovation had a positive and significant effect on organization performance at SHARD.

This study investigates the comparative perception of employees toward their job satisfaction in the selected public and private banks in Dire Dawa City Administration of Ethiopia. The respondent employees have been randomly selected from both banks based on proportion to population size. Primary cross-sectional data was collected from 120 sample respondents through structured questionnaire. Inferential statistics analysis showed that employees of private banks are more satisfied in provision of payment and benefit packages as well as social acceptance and working environment aspect than that of public bank employees. However, regarding to job security, the result indicated that public bank satisfies its employee more than their counterpart. Concerning personal growth and development, employees of private banks reported that they perceive more satisfied than employees in the public banks. Thus, concerned bodies may emphasis on the aforementioned variables to enhance employees’ perception towards job satisfaction in order to receive the efficient services of their employee and to improve overall performance of both banking sectors.

The acromioclavicular disjunction is a very frequent reason of consultation which concerns the young subject and which is favored by the sport practice.Our study is a retrospective study of a series of 5 patients who underwent endoscopic surgical treatment with coraco-clavicular lacing by ligamentoplasty within the orthopedic trauma department over a 24-month period between 01/2016 and 12/2017. The postoperative Constant score was 92 on average.No infectious or early or late cutaneous complications were found in the patients of our series.On the radiological level, the measurement of the coraco-clavicular distance in pre- and immediate postoperative, which was on average 30 mm against 18 mm postoperatively. The rapid recovery and the possibility of performing other arthroscopic therapeutic gestures represent the main advantages of this type of treatment.

The study examined the energy used for milling rice in Lafia rice mill. A sample of 50 randomly selected rice mills were used for the study. Simple descriptive statistics, production function analysis and correlation analysis were used for data analysis. The result shows that the average total energy used daily for rice milling was 2427.44MJ/mill with diesel energy having the largest share (54.66%) of the average total daily energy used. Furthermore, to mill a bag of paddy about 211.06MJ of energy was required. The energy productivity was 0.37MJ/mill. Diesel and paddy were the most significant inputs that influenced the output of milled rice. The elasticity value range from 0.19 to 7.37 for paddy and diesel respectively. Rice milling in the research area was observed to be dependent on direct and non renewable energy forms especially diesel. The study recommends development of cleaner and safer energy forms such as solar energy for rice milling in the study area.

Free Fatty Acid (FFA) was removed from waste oil and favorably employed for the production of high quality biodiesel. FFA extraction minimizes the drawbacks encountered with alkaline catalysts in biodiesel production. Three combinations of reagents (methanol-benzene, methanol-toluene and methanol-xylene) were used for extraction purpose and a rapid extraction of FFA has been obtained. The composition of non-polar solvent (benzene, toluene and xylene) in each of the above mentioned reagents was varied from 1% to 10% by weight. An optimal ratio of (0.8:1) reagent and oil by weight was found to reduce the FFA concentration by 43.3% in single step. Equilibrium study for the extraction of FFA was also carried out. The experimental data obtained were presented on the basis of amount of FFA extracted, with respect to time required for extraction (25 to 300 min) and stirrer speed (50 to 300 rpm). The optimum value for the time required for extraction was obtained at 150 min. the optimum value for the stirrer speed required for the extraction of FFA was obtained at 150 rpm.

Plants have been an important source of medicine for thousands of years. Recently, the world health organization estimated that upto 80% of people still rely mainly on traditional remedies such as herbs for their medicines. In the present study various plant parts of Tridax procumbens were evaluated separately for the presence of primary metabolites. Tridax procumbens Linn belongs to family Asteraceae, and commonly known as Dhaman grass, is a common herb. It is employed as an indigenous medicine for variety of ailments including Jaundice. The plant also has hepatoprotective activity and it is used in Ayurveda in various liver disorders. Phytochemical screening and quantification of primary metabolites in different plant parts i.e leaf and stem (in vivo) as well as its callus (in vitro) quantification revealed the presence of total soluble sugars, proteins, lipids chlorophyll and proline. It showed higher concentration of total soluble sugar, lipid and protein in leaves whereas chlorophyll content and proline was found higher in callus as compared to other parts of plant.

The developing countries mostly rely on traditional medicines. The traditional medicines involve the use of different plant extracts or the bioactive constituents. This type of studies provides health applications at affordable costs. Biochemical studies of the individual plant parts is a necessary prerequisite in order to evaluate their importance in the over all metabolism of the plant. In the present study various plant parts of selected medicinal plants were evaluated, separately for their metabolite content. Maximum amount of total soluble sugars and lipids were present in leaves of Rumex vesicarius, starch in stem of Sisymbrium irio. The leaves of Rumex vesicarius showed more content of metabolites as compared to the other plant parts.

A great yield of tomato is lost to disease of varied causes annually. This underscores the need for continuous study of factors affecting the epidemiology and prevalence of these diseases for effective management. This study was conducted in two environments of Aboh and Ahiazu Mbaise local Government Areas of Imo State Southeast, Nigeria. The aim was to investigate the fungal pathogens associated with tomato plants. The plant leaf samples were cultured on Saboraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) and Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA) and incubated at room temperature for 3-5 days. Result revealed that the most prevalent species were Fusarium (75%) and Curvularia (55%) while Alternaria (15 %) was least .The pathogenecity test carried out showed that Fusarium species were the most pathogenic ; followed by the Aspergillus and Curvularia Species . The data generated from this study will help local farmers in Mbaise in minimizing yield losses.

The dried calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., have gained importance as local soft drink and medical herb in Ghana. There are speculations it has anti-cancer property, and that the decoction is better than the infusion. In view of these the Total Phenolic and Flavonoid content of both preparations was investigated. The decoction method gave the highest % yield of crude extract (76%) and of total flavonoid content (5887.5?g QE/g) while the infusion method gave the highest TPC value (46.123mg GAE/g). Also higher values of TPC and TFC were obtained from the S. samples compare to the B. samples. All the TFC values obtained from the decoction method were higher than the infusion values. Out of the 8 samples, TPC values of 3 (Kaneshie.S, Madina.S, and Nima.B) of the decoction method were lower than that of infusion. As flavonoids play vital role in scavenging free radicals in organisms, the decoction process can be recommended. Since the differences in the decoction and infusion’s data are not big, both preparations can be used.