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The Second World War that took place from 1939 to 1945 involved the people of British West Africa who fought on the side of their colonial masters, the British. However a positive change in British colonial policy engendered the set up of Asquith and Elliot Commissions that favoured the establishment of institutions of higher education in some of the colonies in the post-war years. In this regard, the war was a catalyst to the emergence of university colleges in Gold Coast (now Ghana) and Ibadan in Nigeria. The British Labour Party government’s welfare scheme for the colonies and nationalists demand for higher education were also factors that made university colleges to develop and they were affiliated to the University of London. They maintained a high standard quality of education. Data for this discourse were generated from secondary sources.

The validity of equation-of-state (EOS) of geophysical minerals is very important for various scientific fields including geophysics, material science and high-pressure physics. In the present work we have calculated pressure , isothermal bulk modulus , first pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus and second order pressure derivative of isothermal bulk modulus in terms of for MgO and Al2O3, using different equation of state. Using the values of these parameters we have computed the values of Gruneisen parameter ( ) corresponding to different values of V/V0 and graphs are plotted for Gruneisen parameter ( ) vs. v/v0 for MgO and Al2O3. From these plots it is clear that the Brennan-Stacey and Shanker EOS is compatible both low and high compression ranges for calculating Gruniesen parameter where as Vinet EOS is not compatible for calculating the Gruniesen parameter at low compression ranges.

By adopting a language-oriented, problem-solving perspective, the present paper investigated the effect of grammatical proficiency on translation quality when translating English indirect speeches into Persian and the methods Iranian translators use to translate such a structure. A null hypothesis was formulated and 30 MA translation studies students were randomly chosen to take part in two tests: advanced grammar and translation test. A correlation test was used to determine the degree of go-togetherness between the two sets of scores. The result (rXY=0.824) rejected the null hypothesis, indicating a strong positive relationship between the two variables. Also, by analyzing translations, translated indirect speeches were categorized into five classes: Censorship, Lexical Translation, Free Translation, Direct Translation and Correct Translation. Finally, a simple model for translating English indirect speeches was proposed. The result indicates a gap in participants’ English knowledge which requires further studies to investigate the reason behind this shortcoming in Iranian context. The proposed model can be used in forming problem-solving curriculums for translation courses and further research is needed to cover other aspects in this respect.

The aim of this study was to investigate the adolescent psychopathologies among youth in Eldoret town. The objectives of the study were; to investigate the psycho-physical manifestations of psychopathology among youth in Eldoret town, the etiological factors in the psychopathologies and the relationship between the psychopathology and socio-economic factors. The study adopted the expost-facto research design. The study sample was 72 adolescents from low socio-economic status estates of the town which include Langas, Kamukunji, Kambi Nyasi, Munyaka, King’ong’o and Huruma estates. The common psychopathologies were aggression, anxiety disorders, depression, learning disorders, eating disorders and the conduct disorders. The etiological factors for the psychopathologies were peer influence, bad role models, influence of the environment and genetic factors. The psychopathologies were common in large families that that had five or more children implying laxity in control by the parents. The prevalence of the psychopathologies was high in less well-to-do families as well as those that had uneducated parents.

Current perspectives on the early childhood curriculum stress the need for a play-based program for children. Although the status of play has been given due to emphasis in the Malaysian Preschool National Curriculum, the implementation of play in the daily practice may not be consistent with the curriculum guidelines. Therefore, this study set out to examine the preschool teachers’ perception on the implementation of play in the private preschools. This study adopts the survey method, involving 105 teachers from 35 private preschools in Tampoi and Skudai, Johor. The questionnaire comprised of 46 items modified based on the CIPP model with the focus on the Input and Process constructs. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis (mean, rank and standard deviation). Results on input evaluation revealed that although the teachers viewed play positively, they perceived possessing only average pedagogical knowledge about the implementation of play. On the other hand, the respondents believed that parents’ attitude towards the play concept was averagely positive. The overall appropriateness and availability of resources were also rated average. As for the process evaluation, the aspects of play management and the observation of the children’s behaviors were claimed to be average. A few suggestions were highlighted in the end of the study to enhance the effectiveness of the implementation of play in preschool curriculum.

The essence of this paper is to introduce the notion of pseudo ?-open sets and pseudo ?-closed sets. More results on compactness, co compactness, ?- compactness and ?-cocompactness in ditopological texture spaces are analysed. Many effective characterizations and properties of these concepts are also obtained.

Taming information and communication technologies (ICTs) for eBanking is one of the contemporary challenges confronted by the financial and banking sector. Given that, the development of necessary management skills to ensure the sustained success the new processes are very indispensable. Globally, the banking industry is increasingly getting turbulent and competitive, characterized by internationalization, mergers, takeovers and consolidation of the banks. Several non-banking companies are entering eBanking through their financial products and services thereby giving the customers a list of options to choose banking services. Thus, a strong banking industry has become very important for every country for supporting economic development through efficient financial services. In this regard, rigorous research is undergoing all over the World to successfully implement eBanking. This research is mainly focused on identifying the factors which may affect the Customer-acceptance of eBanking in Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan.

The Indian retailing industry is becoming intensely competitive as more and as more players are vying for the same set of customers. The new entrant in retailing in India signifies the beginning of retail revolution. India’s retail market is expected to grow tremendously in next few years. The window of opportunity is useful for executives who plan their market specific strategy. Wal-Mart heads Fortune magazine list of top 500 companies in the world. Retailing in India is gaining attention like never before. Organized retailing especially is creating euphoria amongst Indian consumers drawing them into malls and trade areas in huge numbers. Retailers are offering newer service dimensions to create unique shopping experiences for the customers. However, whether consumers are able to perceive newer service dimensions and getting affected for store patronage in new store formats or not, remains to be found out. Store image is a critical component in store choice and store loyalty. Perceptions about stores are driven substantially by tangible characteristics of stores, such as format or list size, distance of store from home, as well as intangible factors like the environment of the store. The fact that Indian retail environment is going through a change due to the introduction of new formats and opening up of retail industry, it becomes important to understand the customer attitude here. Attitude of the consumer are vary from person to person. In this research helps to find out to measure attitude of the customers towards organized retailing. By measuring the customer attitude, the CENTRAL MADURAI is chosen for sampling area. Structured questionnaire was framed and data was collected from 120 samples. By analyzing the data SPSS16.0 (statistical package for social sciences) were used. The statistical tools like chi-square, frequency analysis, Factor Analysis and One Way ANOVA for interpreting the data.

This paper presents wireless ad hoc network which communicate with each other by forming a multi-hop radio network and maintaining connectivity in a decentralized manner. The principle behind ad hoc networking is multi-hop relaying, which means that the messages are transmitted by the other nodes if the target node is not directly reachable. For communications with the nodes which are not within the radio range of nodes to the route must be taken from the intermediate nodes to reach the destination. These intermediate nodes acts as router which receives the data coming from the source and forwards the data to destination This situation is of potential security concern as there can be attack possible by the intermediate node like Man in Middle Attack. Hence an authentication procedure is be used for authenticating the mobile nodes to each other and proper encryption decryption mechanisms is also employed. Also intermediate nodes can act as malicious nodes which must be removed or alternate route should be found which does not include nodes already used in previous route. Thus we have developed architecture will provide secure routing mechanism which will use two kinds of encryption techniques. Then the possible attacks are being analyzed and removed from the architecture.

The paper seeks to investigate the risk factor associated with indoor air pollution in low income households. Cooking with traditional fuels leads to high levels of indoor air pollution expose of which increase the risk of various health problems health problems. The present study is based on the collect information on socio-economic condition, types of chulla used, its location, types of fuel, fuel sources and health consequences in the rural area of Muzaffarnagar and Bagpat district of Uttar Pradesh. The study provides the overview of the relation between indoor air pollution (IPA), traditional cooking stove, fuel used, literacy, health and economic well being. The result shows that most of income households were using traditional fuels and stoves, cooking in multipurpose room and veranda in poorly ventilated cooking places and taking long hours for cooking. The study points to the need of creating awareness amongst low income households.