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The general aim of this study is to investigate the effect of exchange rate on financial performance of small and middle-sized companies in Mogadishu.Specifically, this study investigated the effects of Balance of payments, the effect of foreign direct investment, the degree of Inflation and the effect of Taxation. The related theories of exchange rate are Purchasing power Theory, Interest Rate Theory and Product Cycle Theory. This study was conducted through a descriptive study. In addition the study employed a survey research design in data collection. The sampling procedure of this study used non-probability sampling procedure particularly purposive sampling or judgmental sampling, this research employed quantitative data collection method whereby data was gathered by the use of closed ended questionnaires which are self-administered. The data collected was analyzed using the software called Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and results shown in terms of frequency distribution and percentages, the target population of the study is 160 employees of some merchandising companies in Mogadishu. A sample of 48 respondents was selected using Mugenda and Mugenda?s formula. The study used primary data. Data collection methods used included use of questionnaires. The selection sample technique was purposive or judgmental approach. A regression model was applied to determine the relationship between Balance of payments, foreign direct investment, inflation and Taxation as the independent variables and financial performance for small and medium sized enterprises as the dependent variable. The key findings of this study were: Most of the respondents agreed that International trade has a direct effect on the financial performance of the company. Most of the respondents also agreed to the fact that Company owners think they can create high profit for the company if they gain investment income. Company managers are always responsible when companies fail to implement financial transactions. The researchers recommended that: Somali merchants should try to increase domestic productions so as to add value to their money. The researcher?s second recommendation is that Somali government should control all import-export activities and try to increase exportations rather than importation Also top management of small and medium sized enterprises should motivate their employees to increase the performance.

The use of Nyctanthes Cu corrosion behavior was tested in aerated aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl for different pH values. Polarization resistance (R¬¬p) measurements, polarization curves and AC impedance technique were used to obtain experim ental data. Nyctanthes found to exhibit ctionic type in acidic media solution of NaCl and KCl. The impedance spectra and curves at different potentials showed that the corrosion process of metal was characterized by two distinguishable capacitance loops. The charge transfer resistance Rt and polarization resistance, Rp values calculated from the interpretation of Nyquist and Boad plots were in agreement with the results of the other techniques.

The experiments were conducted to studied the effect of the different percent of Trigonella foenum--graecum (Fenugreek) seed extract by water and have been taken as syrup for the diabetic and high cholesterol patients, Amino acid analyzer are used in this study also saponin test.In this study there was a significant different effect of different seed extract concentration of Fenugreek (10%, 15% and 20%) in the diabetic and high cholesterol patient, at concentration 10% seed extract of Fenugreek have the low effect to decreased blood glucose(mg/dl)and cholesterol(mmol/L), but at concentration 15% seed extract of Fenugreek have the high effect to decreased blood glucose(mg/dl) and cholesterol(m mol/L),also at concentration 20% seed extract of Fenugreek have the highest effect to decreased blood glucose(mg/dl)and cholesterol(m mol/L) the normal range of blood glucose in human is 74-106(mg/dl) the normal range of cholesterol(m mol/L) in human is 0-5.2(m mol/L). It was found that the high effect of Fenugreek seed extract to reduce blood glucose, and saponin to reduce cholesterol

Dilaceration can be seen in both the permanent and deciduous dentitions, and is more commonly found in posterior teeth. Periapical radiographs are the most appropriate way to diagnose the presence of root dilacerations. The controlled regularly tapered preparation of the curved canals is the ultimate challenge in endodontics. Careful and meticulous technique will yield a safe and sufficient enlargement of the curved canals. This article gives a two interesting case reports of root dilacerations and its management endodontically by using both hand and rotary instruments.

The spread of English as an international language and the emergence of the Internet as a fast communication channel are dual issues that define ELT in a globalized and digital age. Since its conception, the Internet has revolutionized the ways of human communication as well as English language learning in a global context. But the implications of this powerful force are yet to be fully recognized and realized in education and teacher education in Nigeria. Teachers of English language as well as learners of the language today need a new set of critical and interpretive skills. This paper attempts to discuss the impact of the Internet on English language learning as well as the need for new frameworks for teaching English language in a digital age in Nigeria.

Toxic heavy metal monitoring in the environment and food is a key requirement for protection against the hazards of metal toxicity. The concentrations of heavy metals (Mercury, Copper and Cadmium) and other elements (Vanadium, Magnesium, Manganese, Calcium and Chloride) in cocoa beans from 73 district representing six of the seven cocoa regions for the 2011/2012 light crop year were analyzed using Neutron Activation procedures to look at the distribution of metals, especially heavy metals in the beans meant for export. Certain basic quality parameters such as pH, moisture and percentage fat content were also measured. Analysis of cocoa beans yielded the following results; Calcium (Ca; 2155 -5863, average 3443.20 mg kg?¹) showed the highest concentration, followed by Magnesium (Mg; 2147 to 4601 mg kg?¹, average 3227.02 mg kg?¹) and Aluminium (Al; 32.86 -147.40, average 54.32 mg kg?¹). Manganese (Mn) was also found to range between 19.66 -50.01; average 35.40 mg kg?¹. Vanadium and chloride were on the average 0.20 and 82.37 mg kg?¹ respectively. Amongst the heavy metals analysed, Cadmium (Cd) was in the range of <0.01 and 48.30 µg kg?¹, well below the proposed MRL of 0.6 mg Kg?¹ whereas mercury was below 0.01µg kg?¹, the detection limit of the NAA method used. Copper (Cu) was in the range of 10.04–26.76 mg kg?¹ in the beans analysed. Fat content of the beans were higher than 52.63% with a pH range of 4.52-5.58, typical of Ghana’s cocoa. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations in the beans are generally low with accompanying high quality indicators. Although levels of these heavy metals are very low, a potential danger may emerge in the future depending on the management of soil pollution since soil-to-plant transfer of heavy metals is a major pathway to product pollution.

The major component of wastes from uncultivated plants that constitutes environmental problems is seed. Artocarpus heterophyllus seed and Parkia biglobosa seed pulp were investigated for proximate composition, chemical and antibacterial properties of their oils with a view to exploiting their nutritional and industrial potentials. The crude protein, crude fibre and crude fat content were 14.02, 5.25; 1.23, 12.00; 26.5, 18.00 g/100g respectively. The high iodine value of the fixed oils; 1788, 1425 g iodine kg-1 oil respectively compared favourably with edible oils, while the high saponification values of 296.14 and 193.12 g KOH kg-1 suggested they are good feedstock for the soap industry. The seed and seed pulp essential oils could also find application as antibacterial agent to extend the shelf life of easily perishable food products.

Nigeran medicinal plants (Acanthospermum hispidum DC, Emilia coccinea (Sims) G. Don and Euphobia heterophylla) were analysed for their chemical composition. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of saponins (0.22 to 0.37 mg/100g), flavonoids (0.96 to 1.87 mg/100g), alkaloids (1.52 to 1.71 mg/100g), phenols (1.07 to 1.55 mg/100g) and tannins (0.06 to 0.37 mg/100g). The medicinal plants contained ascorbic acid (24.35 to 31.79 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.04 to 0.31 mg/100g), thiamin (0.20 to 0.22 mg/100g) and niacin (0.08 to 0.10 mg/100g). These herbs are good sources of minerals such as Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn. The plants gave appreciable antimicrobial activities in vitro against both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms with the zone of inhibition values ranging between (16.00mm – 32.00mm) and (11.00mm – 22.00mm) respectively. The importance of these chemical constituents is discussed with respect to the role of these herbs in ethnomedicine in Nigeria.

The physicochemical characteristics of water in the Lower Litani River Basin (LLRB) were evaluated. It concerns with analyzing six representatives sites which are investigated over three seasons of the year 2011. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to interpret the elemental concentrations in the river water. Many variables were evaluated, especially the components or metals Fe, NO₂^-, CaCO₃, Cu. Three groups were identified and differentiated by PCA according to the seasons. The first group is rich in Fe and NO₂, and low in NH₄ and EC (in the mid rainy season). The second group formed in dry season and the third group with low concentration of K⁺, PO₄^3- and Cl^- (in mid rainy). However, no critical pollution has been reported in this part of the river; except the high concentration of Fe and NO₂ ^- in all investigated sites due to the reject of wastewater and touristic activities.

This paper presents a framework of thermodynamic, energy and exergy, analyses of industrial Wood fired thermic fluid heater. Mass, energy, and exergy analysis were used to develop a methodology for evaluating thermodynamic properties, energy and exergy input and output resources in industrial wood fired thermic fluid heater. Determined methods make available an analytic procedure for the physical and chemical exergetic analysis of wood fired thermic fluid heater for appropriate applications. The energy and exergy ef?ciencies obtained for the entire fluid heater was 60.62% and 27.69% at standard reference state temperature of 25 oC. Chemical exergy of the material streams was considered to offer a more comprehensive detail on energy and exergy resource allocation and losses of the processes in a thermic fluid heater