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Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) are self organizing network which exchange Data among themselves through single hope or multi hope. Data transfer happens in single hope whenever the destination is available within the transmission region of source, multi hope is used when destination is not available within the transmission region of source. Designing a routing protocol is a crucial issue in MANET because of dynamic topology. Active research works has been carried in the area of Ad-hoc routing protocols to address this issue. In this paper first we focus about the design challenges for routing protocols followed by a survey of various routing protocols for Ad-hoc network.

Phishing is one kind of Cyber crime in which phisher is doing online theft of secret information like username, password, credit card numbers etc. from the user. This type of crime growing everyday and also creates lot of social and financial issues. Such type of crime causes the direct or indirect damage to the victim. There are number of anti-phishing solution available today, yet the cases of phishing attacks cannot be removed because of several reasons. Here in this paper the model generated namely Phishing Prevention Model which explain what the causes of phishing are, how the phishing attack has been taken place and how we can prevent it using Cyber law.

As localized energy systems, microgrids provide a viable way to solve problems with energy dependability and access in rural and isolated locations. These regions often have inadequate and unstable grid infrastructure, which restricts their access to energy. Artificial Intelligence (AI) improves the overall performance, flexibility, and efficiency of microgrid systems. AI ensures a steady and dependable power supply by enabling predictive maintenance, optimal load forecasting, energy storage management, and renewable energy resource optimization. AI may help microgrids anticipate system faults, better control energy consumption, and prolong the life of vital parts. Additionally, AI ensures the sustainability of microgrids in resource-constrained places by optimizing the usage of renewable energy sources like solar and wind. Successful case studies from places like the US, India, and Africa have shown the promise of AI-enhanced microgrids in raising the standard of living for marginalized areas, despite obstacles like data infrastructure and upfront installation costs. Microgrids have a bright future thanks to developments in artificial intelligence (AI), which might increase electricity availability and promote economic growth in rural and isolated regions of the world.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of addition of Yttria partially stabilized Zirconia powder to dental porcelain being incorporated in 3,5 and 7-percent by weight on some mechanical properties. The measured properties were flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness and hardness. Samples were prepared according to the manufacturers instructions. Zirconia powder was thoroughly mixed with the porcelain powder in the correct weight percent before use. Flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, and fracture toughness were measured using three-point bending test. The hardness was measured using a conventional microhardness tester. All data were collected and analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test (p=0.05). The results indicated that the addition of 3 % and 5 % of Yttria partially stabilized Zirconia to the conventional dental porcelain powder resulted in increased flexural strength and fracture toughness of the porcelain. On the contrary, 3 % and 5 % zirconia decreased both the modulus of elasticity and hardness. In addition, 7 % zirconia decreased all tested properties. X-ray examination showed that zirconia addition increased the radiopacity of the material. It was concluded that zirconia-modified dental porcelain was stronger and tougher than the conventional unmodified ceramic.

The use of pesticides on the farm is largely governed by voluntary behavior. It is important to understand what drives farmer’s behavior of pesticide use. Health belief models in public health and social psychology argue that persons who have had adverse health experiences are likely to undertake greater preventive behavior which is tested here. A survey of 163 farmers was drawn in Vehari and Lodhran district of southern Punjab. Almost all the farmers were found using pesticides extensively and covering their body partially. Resultantly more than 77% farmers experienced at least one health symptom. The analysis appeared to confirm the hypothesis that farmers who have experienced health problems from pesticide use are having heightened concern about health effects of pesticides than farmers who have not experienced such problems. Farmers who report experiencing such problems are also more likely to report using protective clothing than farmers who do not report having such problems. The study however, does not support the hypothesis that farmers who have had experienced health problems from pesticides are likely to use alternative pest management practices. Finally study concludes that to improve practices of pesticide use, specific and relevant information through training programs should be provided to farmers, focusing health and environmental risks of pesticide use.

The effects of aqueous leaf root and stem leachates of different concentrations(2.5%, 5% and 7.5%) of plant parts of Limonia acidesima L( Rutaceae) from ‘ Garbhagiri hills of pathardi Tahsil ( longitude19o 09’N, laditude 750 10’E) were tested on germination and seedling growth of Raphanus sativus L( Var Japani) Family Brassicaceae. Leachates of 7.50% concentration of Limonia acidissima L. inhibited seedling growth parameters of. ‘Japani’ variety of Raphanus sativus L. in an order of: Stem >Leaf >Root

The amino acid components of three fresh water fishes: African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), snake fish (Channa striatus) and tilapia fish (Tilapia zillii) were reported. Among the amino acids investigated, aspartic and glutamic acids were found most abundant in all the three samples with values ranging from 10.4 – 10.7 g/100g crude protein, cp (aspartic acid) and 14.3-14.6 g/100g cp (glutamic acid. The most abundant essential amino acids were Lysine (Leu), Leucine (Leu), and Arginine (Arg). The total acidic and amino acids (TAAA) (24.9 – 25.2g/100g, cp) in all the samples were greater than the total basic amino acids (TBAA) (18.4 – 19.8g/100g, cp) and Leu / Ile ratio values (2.09 – 2.20) showed that Leu > Ile in all the samples. The predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER) values (3.46-3.59) were considerably high and this would make them good food complements. The isoelectric point (pI) ranged from 4.68 – 6.04, showing that they are in acidic medium. In essential amino acid scores (based on whole hen’s egg), Lys was highest in all the sample with values ranging from 1.57 – 1.66 and their limiting essential amino acid was Valine (Val). On provisional essential amino acid scoring pattern, Lys (1.77 – 1.87) and Val (0.93) had the highest and lowest scores respectively. Essential amino acid scores based on pattern for pre-school children showed that all the samples would supply the required essential amino acids for pre-school children (2 – 5 years old). Generally, the samples are good sources of essential amino acids.

In this study we investigated the determinants of executive compensation in some selected quoted banks in Nigeria. The study used eight (8) banks which were drawn from the quoted banks in Nigeria that disclosed executive compensation from 2005 to 2010 in their annual financial report. In identifying the determinants of banks executive compensation in Nigeria using our sampled banks, we conducted pooled OLS and panel data fixed and random effect regression analysis. In all, our results based on the Hausman test shows that the panel regression model best explains bank executive compensation in the selected quoted banks in Nigeria and that bank size (total asset) and profitability are two key factors that determine positively, the compensation of banks executives in Nigeria. This study recommends that further studies be conducted in this area using SEC filling to increase the data on executive compensation.

The conventional double pipe heat exchanger has less heat transfer rate, so to overcome this problem, this paper focuses on establishing the Triple Tube Heat Exchanger (TTHE) is modified constructive version of double concentric tube heat exchanger by adding an intermediate tube for hot fluid. In this paper the experimental data obtained during the test in a double and triple concentric tube heat exchangers are very much impressive. However, U valve also fitted and were analyzed and the experiment results conforms the effectiveness of the triple tube heat exchanger.

Wearable tracking gadget that school-age children can wear is the topic of this paper. It doesn't need any pricy technology to operate. This technology is usable by persons of all educational levels. It has got two buttons one is alert button and another is panic button The major objective of this gadget is to ensure that the youngster may contact their parents in an emergency. The alert button allows the child to notify their parents of an emergency and provide their current location. For communication, the current technology includes Bluetooth, WI-FI, and RFID. It is hard to communicate across a great distance with these technologies because they only have a narrow range of coverage. Also they are not that accurate. This device solves the issue by utilizing GSM technology. Parents do not need to submit any special code to the device to determine the child's location's latitude and longitude. If a child is in any emergency situation and wants his/her parents to know their current exact location. If a child feels uneasy, there are two methods to let the parents know. The cell phone of the parents or guardian receives the alarm message via SMS by pressing alert button and if the child wants to communicate to parents immediately, a call can also be made via this device using the panic button and the child can talk to the parent in real time.