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Not all soils are susceptible to liquefaction, there are many works that have aimed to classify the soils based on their susceptibility to liquefaction, and among them the notable ones are : Youd’s criteria of liquefaction, Boulanger and Idriss’ criteria for liquefaction and there are Chinese criteria that are widely used. Because liquefaction has frequently been observed to occur at the same location when site conditions are unchanged (Youd, 1984), evidence of the historical occurrence of liquefaction, either observed or in the form of paleoliquefaction, can be taken as evidence of liquefaction susceptibility. Geologic conditions can also indicate susceptibility to liquefaction; soils deposited in fluvial deposits, and colluvial and aeolian deposits when saturated, are likely to be susceptible to liquefaction. Liquefaction is also observed in alluvial-fan, alluvial-plain, beach, terrace, playa and estuarine deposits, but not as consistently as in those listed previously. Younger soil deposits are generally more susceptible to liquefaction than older deposits. The physical composition of a soil deposit will play a strong role in determining its liquefaction susceptibility (Kramer, 1996). Uniformly graded clean sands composed of rounded particles are inherently most susceptible to liquefaction. Well-graded soils and soils with angular particles are less susceptible. The presence of fines, particularly plastic fines (PI>10) tends to decrease liquefaction susceptibility. The liquefaction potential of a soil deposit can be studied via the mechanical properties of the deposit too. It is done by defining two parameters which govern the behaviour of the deposit during dynamic earthquake loading. The first being the CRR called the cyclic resistance ratio and CSR called the cyclic stress ratio, the CRR tells the total stress ratio required to cause the liquefaction, and the CSR is the stress ratio that is acting on the soil during earthquake loading. Quite obvious is the fact that if the ratio CRR/CSR is less than unity it will mean that the soil can take less stress than what is acting on it and will liquefy. The present study aims at studying the susceptibility of the site to liquefaction and then arrive at the most important site parameter that determines the susceptibility of a soil deposit to liquefaction. The site under study is located in a severe earthquake prone region of the world, "THE KASHMIR VALLEY, INDIA J&K".

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Table of contents for the month of May 2021

Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm allows designers to integrate efficiently more intellectual properties (IPs) into a single chip system. However, the power consumption has become one of the most critical issues for designing such large complex systems. Low power design can be achieved by scaling the voltage and frequency of the target components. The question is how to make the voltage-frequency scaling adaptable to the required performance of the system at run-time while reducing as much as possible the power consumption. This paper presents a novel solution for NoC architectures to reduce power consumption. As the communication traffic is not equally distributed over the network architecture, depending on the communication load, each router in the network will be applied with a corresponding voltage and frequency to minimize the power consumption while keeping necessary communication throughput.

The increasing prevalence of obesity and the development of bariatric surgery have led to the gradual development of skin redraping techniques. Body lifts is the unique solution for the large skin excesses that occur after massive weight loss. Body lifts are surgical procedures that are infrequently performed because the length of operating time increases the risk to the patient as well as the likelihood of surgeon fatigue. The goal of this article is to describe the surgical technique of the lower bodylift by positioning the scar correctly, using precise preoperative markings and how to prevent the most frequent complications.

The need to realize improvements in the delivery of public services through results-based approach took the form of performance contracting as an initiative by the Kenyan Government. The Teachers Service Commission (TSC) introduced performance contracting to the public schools as a monitoring and supervisory tool. The study explored the managerial challenges facing headteachers in the implementation of performance contracting in public primary schools in Nandi North Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted an exploratory design and sampled 123 respondents through stratified sampling. The results showed that headteachers are facing managerial challenges ranging from long technical processes and procedures, insufficient training, lack of qualified staff and resistance to change. The study concluded that these managerial concerns have impeded the implementation process. The study recommends the following measures; the headteachers seek collaboration from the various stakeholders in the education sector and provide leadership during the process.

Educational management-which its brief definition is to advance and make learning easier in Education-is more related to human skill and in human skill the function of leadership and learning is to influence people and change their behavior. An education manager should focus his main attention to know the behavior and performance of human beings specially those people that he has lasting administrative communication with them. Educational managers by having awareness and cognition of behavioral sciences and come into conjunction with their peers, especially those who have a problem should have an effective and efficiently behavior with them improbable from emotional and interactive understanding like anger. Paying attention to the importance of human skill in succeeding managers, researcher decided to search on" Managers' Human Skill Assessment in Girls' Primary Schools from Teachers' Perspective in Esfahan City in 2010" and framed his research questions in relation to the objectives. Population for this research is all teachers and managers working in academic year 2010 in girls' primary schools in Esfahan City. Sample includes 40 teachers teaching in these schools by random sampling. This is a survey research and based on opinion poll. The tool for data collection was a questionnaire that researcher developed himself and includes 30 questions with five dimensions based on research hypotheses. In a pilot study obtained validity was 0/94. Findings of this research were analyzed by using ANOVA t test with df=39 and significant of level 0/05. And all hypotheses were verified in a significant of level. it means based on the opinion of all teachers, managers had necessary flexibility in their managerial performance. They had positive attitude to others and themselves. They had hearing ear and good relation with students' parents. Also they were able to use all employees' ability, capacity and specialty to solve school problem.

Ethiopia is one of the leading producers and exporters of coffee. Ethiopia is the fifth largest exporter of coffee among the coffee producing and exporting countries. Majority of the coffee producers in Ethiopia consist of small farmers and many of them depend mainly on coffee for their livelihood. In several parts of Oromiya and SNNP regions of Ethiopia, especially in Jimma and Sidamo zones, primary cooperatives and cooperative unions have been organized exclusively for the coffee producers to market and provide service and supplies to them. Present study is undertaken to know the marketing strategies followed by the cooperative unions, especially with reference to export marketing. As these cooperatives are contributing to the foreign exchange of the country, the study gains relevance to today’s economic situation of the country. The specific objectives of the study are: To study the internal and external marketing practices followed by the sample cooperative unions. To examine the type of competition that exists in export business and the strategies followed to meet such competition, and to analyse the problems faced by the cooperatives in export marketing and to offer suggestions to them. The study was conducted on two cooperative unions, which are better performing in export trade and were purposively selected. The sample Cooperative Unions are Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union and Yirgachefe Coffee Cooperative Union. For deeper study the most successful Cooperative Union, namely Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union and two primary cooperatives affiliated to it were selected. The major findings of the study were: In their export marketing the unions have to face stiff international competition. They are able to withstand such competition and come out successfully by means of improving the quality of coffee, going for fair trade practices and by keeping better rapport with all the stakeholders involved in export trade. As fair trade coffee brings better price and dividend price, the primary cooperatives are educating the farmers to go for such practices continuously. To give value addition, numbers of processing activities are added by the unions. Some times when production is high, the unions are unable to procure the entire produces. During such seasons primaries sell coffee to the private merchants.

The economies of many countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are largely oil based. Steep declines in oil and gas prices in 2014 by 50% or more led some governments in MENA region to decrease healthcare budgets by more than 30%. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore the marketing strategies that managers of international pharmaceutical companies have successfully implemented in the MENA region to sustain profitability despite the decreases in the healthcare budgets, consequent to the 2014 declines in oil and gas prices. The study involved data collection using semistructured interviews of 6 middle and executive managers working in 2 international pharmaceutical companies located in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates. The strategic flexibility theory underpinned the study in furthering the exploration of challenges associated with implementing marketing strategies by international pharmaceutical companies in the MENA region. Study participants selected to partake in this research had a minimum of 5 years of experience in planning and implementing marketing strategies in the region. The findings from the data analysis led to the identification of major marketing strategies, which have helped to maintain business sustainability of pharmaceutical companies, despite difficulties with the reduction in healthcare budgets in the MENA region. The important themes emerging from this study included: (a) product launch strategy and operating model, (b) transformation of leaders by vision and guidance. The results of the study may contribute to positive social change as pharmaceutical and healthcare knowledge benefits human health and may also serve to influence positive job creation and enrichment of the economies of the region.