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The aim of this study was to examine factor structure and explore the psychometric properties for Urdu version of Test Anxiety Inventory. 2,145 secondary and higher secondary science students were selected as sample from the Punjab province in Pakistan appearing in 10th grade Board examinations. The value of alpha reliability for TAI was .893 in the pilot study. But in the final study, alpha reliability values for different scales of TAI (TAI-Total, TAI-Worry, and TAI-Emotionality) ranged from 0.66 to 0.81 with the individual student as the unit of analysis and from 0.71 to 0.88 with the class as the unit of analysis. Similarly, The discriminant validity of an individual student as unit of analysis ranged from 0.19 to 0.32 for three scales of TAI, while the discriminant validity for class as unit of analysis ranged from 0.27 to 0.40 for these scales of TAI. A three-factor structure consisting of TAI-Total, TAI-worry and TAI-Emotionality components showed acceptable discriminant validity and internal reliability.

The present research conducted to investigate the effect of pictorial context on reading comprehension of EFL readers . To carry out the research 30 students were selected . They were studying at Oxford Representative language center in Iran. And they were assigned to two equal groups : a) the experimental group , and b) the control group . The two groups were assumed to be homogeneous. The experimental group received pictures immediately before they read the passages while the control group did not receive any pictures before reading the texts . Four English passages followed by five multiple-choice questions were administrated to the subjects. A T-test was then used to compare the mean scores of the two groups. Then the result of the T-test indicated that the subjects in the experimental group who had received pictures before reading the passages , scored significantly higher than the subjects in the other group . Therefore , the hypothesis of this study was supported and it was concluded that pictorial context can be a beneficial device to improve reading comprehension of EFL readers . Finally , from the pedagogical point of view , the findings of this study have paved the way for material developers and EFL teachers to improve the reading comprehension of EFL readers.

In the present article, which aims at the examination of the effects of Islamic thought on the management and organization styles in Iran, Islam and Islamic thought have been explained at first. Then, with regard to the necessity to examine the Islamic management, the management and organization dimensions (creation of Islamic culture, the manner of the social Islamic structure establishment, the manner of the physical designation of the organization in the light of the Islamic style, etc) have been defined. The end goal of this article is to examine the effects of Islamic thought on the management mechanisms within the Islamic countries (the Islamic Republic of Iran as the case study). So, at the end of the present article, this effect will be investigated. The findings of 30 structured interviews show that the effect of Islamic thought on the manner of management in the organizations of an Islamic country is not so deep, and it is necessary to review the management knowledge in relation to the Islamic ideas and beliefs. In this regard, some suggestions are presented at the end of the article.

Energy and exergy efficiencies of a of a combined gas and steam power plant under different ambient conditions have been studied in this paper. Irreversibility rate of the plant and its major components were examined at different weather conditions. The effect of condenser pressure variation was considered in the energy and exergy analysis to present a better approach close to the actual condition. It was found that as ambient temperature decreases, exergy efficiency decreases while the energy efficiency remains almost constant. Also the exergy analyses show that the most irreversibility occurs in combustion engine following by gas turbine and compressor. The analyses also show that the condenser pressure is an important parameter that affects the output power, thermal and exergy efficiency of the cycle. Results of this research may help optimization of energy consumption and decreasing the pollution of the environment.

Experimental investigations were carried out to treat tannery wastewater effluent. Various surface-active materials were used to reduce the effect of chromium present in tannery wastewater. This chemical pretreatment was followed by a biological treatment. The aim was to evaluate and optimize the various parameters effecting the chromium removal during the treatment. Different coagulants were used to suggest the efficient surface-active material during chemical pre-treatment phase and thereby the optimum time of contact, dosage and pH were determined. In this present study chemical agents had been used as a pretreatment of tannery effluent to reduce the chromium (VI) whereas the biological treatment ensures rapid reduction in the chromium ions using the bacterial degradation process.

The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity in the pure as well as in the binary mixture of Tributyle Phosphate (TBP) and Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were measured. The variation of ultrasonic velocity and the other calculated acoustic parameters at temperature 300C for different frequencies shows significant information about the intermolecular interactions present in the binary mixture. The shifting of ?max in UV-visible spectra in the binary mixture agrees with the results of ultrasonic investigation of the binary mixture. The recovery of REE material like CeO2 with the help of this ultrasonic technique can be explained in terms of intermolecular interactions present in the binary mixture. Again the result provides an optimum value of the binary mixture for recovery of CeO2 which is well supported by other chemical treatments.

Access to information and, more importantly, the internet is not evenly distributed in this world. But if they had it, would people in rural India want to use the internet? How would they use it and benefit from it? Will internet influence culture and how can communities prepare themselves when the internet comes in their village? To support the rollout of internet in more rural areas in India and to improve the effectiveness of ICT in rural environments, a clear view on the adoption and use of ICT and services was needed. This study aimed at providing this knowledge. Interviews in rural India taught us how people use the internet and the benefits they experience. We also spoke about their expectations and what they think is needed when the internet is introduced in a community. The study showed that people and communities in rural India do benefit from ICT both socially and economically. Basically, they use the internet for the same purposes as people in Western countries, such as to communicate, to search for information and to buy things. However, internet is even more important in rural areas because of lack of alternatives, such as telephone lines, libraries, newspapers, roads in good condition, and public transport. In this paper we would like to focus on the affect that Internet has on Rural India.

To assess a translated work, just like marking a translation, is a highly subjective task. There is not any objective index according to which, reviewers can assess or mark a translation. So, many reviewers employ a holistic approach to translation quality assessment. Although, there are some models like Waddington’s (2001), which are less subjective, and translation is assessed according to some pre-set criteria. In this paper, Waddington’s model (2001) was applied on the Persian translation of George Orwell’s 1984, by Baluch. Twenty paragraphs were chosen randomly and compared and contrasted precisely with their parallel translations to assess the quality of translation. By close investigation of the model, Waddington’s model turned to be incomplete, regarding translation shifts and additions. Besides, the holistic method proved not to be sufficient as it should be and the model is more of academic contexts, rather than appropriate for general use for Translation Quality Assessment.

This study examined the wage distribution and differentials among the agricultural labourers in different crops both in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire administered to a stratified proportionate random sample of 400 farmers consist of 50 farmers from each crop in both States. The data collected was analysed by operation wise wage distribution and wage differentials among the gender and using multiple regression analysis for estimation/predicting the mean values of dependent variable on the basis of known explanatory variables. The value of coefficients of all the crops reveals that the demand factors play a much more important role than its supply factors. man-land ratio, cropping intensity and proportion of non-farm workers to total work force found to be expected signs and statistically significant in Andhra Pradesh, whereas, employment opportunities from outside agriculture and cropping intensity engender wages in Tamil Nadu. The study was also found that the wage differences between male and female labourers is at higher level in wet crops than dry crops and this is not only from operation to operation but also from season to season. The study recommended that confirmatory action plan to be needed to trounce gender discrimination through promoting self-employment and expanding employment opportunities outside agriculture.

Deficiency of the lungs results from malfunction of the breathing bud to develop. Agenesis of one lung is more regular than bilateral agenesis, however both conditions are unusual. Unilateral pulmonary agenesis is compatible with life. The heart and other mediastinal edifices are shifted to the implicated side, and the present lung is stretched out. Lung agenesis is an uncommon but a severe condition which ought to be early diagnosed and followed up. Prognosis, apart from abnormal formation, is that of a single functional lung. Diagnosing a developmental abnormality of the lungs in adults is often challenging for clinicians.