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Effects of caterpillar (Imbrasia truncate Aurivillius, 1908) meal as a protein source in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus were investigated on growth performance, feed efficiency, whole body mineral composition and the cost/benefit analysis. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with duplicate observations (3 treatments × 2 replicates × 35 fish per hapa-in-earthen pond systems) during ten weeks of duration using an open system. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen ranged respectively between 27.7 to 28°C and 4.5 to 6.0 mg l-1. The Nile tilapia (12.67±1.88 g initial body weight and 10.45 ± 0.03cm initial length) were fed three times a day with three calculated isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets prepared by replacing fishmeal with caterpillar meal at 15% and 30%. The diets were coded T1 and T2 respectively. A control diet without caterpillar meal was coded T0. The fish fed with T1 and T0 diets were superior in specific growth rate (p< 0.05) when compared with fish fed with diet T2 treatment. On the other hand, the feed utilization parameter: feed conversion ratio (FCR), did not show significant differences(p? 0.05) between the fish in the control group and diet T1, although a significant difference between T1 andT2 treatments was observed. Results of body composition in response to dietary treatments showed no significant statistical difference (p>0.05) for moisture, fiber and minerals in contrast to protein, lipid and ash content where the difference was significant (p<0.05).The highest profit index (1.82) was recorded on diet T2. The lowest profit index was in the control but the differences were not significant (p? 0.05).These results indicate that incorporation of less than 30 % of caterpillar meal as a substitute for fishmeal could be feasible in the diet of Nile tilapia. Further studies are recommended for other fish species such as catfish, and the conditions to optimize the level of that ingredient to improve growth performance.

The very purpose of the WTO trading system is to keep away barriers to international trade in goods and services. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is one of the WTO administered multilateral trading instruments, aimed at freeing trade in services by regulating government measures affecting trade in services. The WTO/GATS system provides varieties of obligations/conditions for countries wishing to join the system. Before joining the WTO countries are required to adjust many aspects their trading systems in the way that facilitate free trade in services. Members of the organization have also variety of obligations to be in existence as long as membership is not terminated. Thus, joining the WTO/GATS system has a huge impact on the service sectors of members. Accordingly, this impact is expected to happen on the telecommunications services sector of Ethiopia, on the process to accede the WTO since 2003. The current operation of the Ethiopian telecommunications services sector monopolized by an enterprise, Ethio-Telecom. Despite the law provides a possibility whereby investors (domestic or foreign) can invest on the telecommunications services sector jointly with the government, currently almost all activities in the sector are operated by Ethio-telecom. With these and many other situations in the sector Ethiopia is on the way to accede the WTO. This article is therefore devoted to scrutinize the impact of Ethiopia’s accession to the WTO on its telecommunications services sector.

This study was carried out to determine the in-vitro anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and phytochemical constituents of the methanolic leaves extract of Citrullus colocynthis. The results of this study show that Citrullus colocynthish has strong antioxidant potentials against various radicals. The extract concentration-dependently scavenges DPPH radicals with IC50 of 357.14µg/ml compared to 16.32µg/ml of standard gallic acid, scavenge nitric oxide radicals with IC50 of 234µg/ml compared to 20.5µg/ml of standard ascorbic acid and has 20% activity of standard ascorbic acid ferric reducing power. The extract also inhibited induction of lipid peroxidation and ?-Amylase activity in a concentration-dependent manner in cell free assays with highest concentration of the extract inhibiting lipid peroxidation and ?-Amylase activity by 72% at 500µg/ml and 91% at 250µg/ml respectively. The phytochemical constituents of the extract were determined, qualitative assays employed revealed the presence of various phytochemicals in the extract and the amount of total phenolics, flavonoids and flavonol were found to be 58.76mg GAE/g, 2.01mg RE/g and 0.13mg RE/g respectively. Gas-chromatography analysis of the extract revealed the possible presence of albumin, ascorbic acid, beta carotene, vicilins, tocotrienols, lutin, 2-tetradcyclobutane, 2-dodecyclobutane. The presence of phenolics and various antioxidant compounds in the plants may explain the strong pharmacological potentials of the plant.

Development planning in the urban areas in Kenya has taken a paradigm shift over the past decade and more so after the enactment of the new constitution in 2010. This study sought to investigate the influence of stakeholder involvement on the implementation of urban strategic development plans (USDP) in Kenya. The study was carried out in Kapsabet town, Nandi County. A sample size of 118 respondents was obtained from a population of 170 using Krejcie and Morgan method. They mainly came from the county Departments of Planning Infrastructure Development, Devolved Units & Special Programmes. Others were professionals and stakeholders in the town. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data and the return rate was 95.8%. This study used both quantitative and qualitative methods of data analysis. The study also adopted a descriptive analysis where descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were used to describe the basic features of the data and to provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. The study found out that majority (58.4%) of respondents believed that stakeholder communication has got a positive influence on the implementation of USDP. In addition, majority (55.8%) of the respondents support stakeholder training as a way of achieving success in the implementation of USDP. Similarly, it is important to be accountable to the stakeholders in the implementation of the strategic development plan as 61% of the respondents attested to its importance.. The research findings and recommendations are useful in assisting the town managers, the Nandi County Government and all the stakeholders to take measures geared towards enhancing the implementation of urban strategic development plan and the realization of the vision and mission statements of the town.

The study was done to know the retention of flower template in night flowering Jasmine of Central India (Durg) Chattisgarh. The time of antheses were recorded .The Study was done to locate the arrival time of pollinators. The pollinators of these flowers are in shadow, thus the pollinators were identified with the arrival time and the probable reason of arrival of these insects was investigated. Sucrose tests were done with flowers at anthesis time and the insect arrival time. Thus studying their correlation and whole pollinator invitation mechanism or the flower template (Darwin 1877). After detailed study one insect was identified as pollinator. Though this plant never produced viable seeds and its propogation is by vegetative means only. Still it has retained all the invitation machinery for pollinators. Pollination by insects was also confirmed in the experiments.

Human Capital Development (HCD) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) are the key drivers of economic growth in India. Despite HCD and FDI separately affect economic growth, but they also strengthen each other through complementary effects. This study tries to find out whether HCD has significant effect on FDI as an important factor of Indian economic growth. In this study researcher used Eviews 8, IBM SPSS 21 and Microsoft Excel for analyzing data. Also the Linear Regression by Ordinary Least Squared Method for best estimation model and Cronbach’s Alpha for Testing Questionnaire Reliability are used. The results show that, Human capital development has significant effect on foreign direct investment in Indian economic growth.

This paper sets out to compare Immanuel Emanuel Wallerstein concept of globalization and Anthony Giddens. To believe Wallerstein, capitalism system has result of emergence of the bourgeoisie and expansion it, extension of global trade, innovation of new product methods, mass products, possibility of capital accumulation, and globalization this of process the facilitate for countries but to make dependent of the peripheral societies to core countries and so has continues of colonialism to new form. Giddens’ discuss on the modernity global and him known globalization as an unavoidable alternative for modernism and results of expansionism capitalism has lead to new forms in the different countries of world. The modernism view is along with a cultural sub-structure, and aims at creating fundamental economic, social and political changes in developing countries. Giddens says’ that globalization is colonialism reverse and is necessary for development and growth of the global societies. Both they are special look of nation-state role in the process of globalization particularly it’s of effects on life aspects and so quality of life for people of societies.

International law is applicable on the members of international community which are states, international organisations and individuals. The term ‘state’ is a political expression which is a means to rule over certain territory. However the kind of state we visualize today did not exist in the ancient times. Besides, international and political thinkers call the present system of nation-states as Westphalian system. Therefore the researcher feels it worthy to make a historical research to trace the origin of nation-state being a prime subject of the international law and to highlight the myth involved. The paper begins with the Greek city-states which existed before Christ and travels through Roman kingdom, feudal system, the Holy Roman Empire and the Peace of Westphalia. The paper brings to light the Westphailian myth regarding the origin of nation-state and reveals how it originated during the Holy Roman Empire.

This study assesses the Hausa traditional residential houses with a view to identify transformations in Hausa Traditional residential architecture and to investigate reasons and for the transformation. A minimum of 16-40 houses on each ward were purposely selected for the survey. A total of fifty-three (53) wards from (8) eight Local Governments in Kano Metropolitan making a total 1010 houses were studied. Result revealed that, the foundation in the traditional Hausa Architecture was excavated at 300-400 meters depth, roofing system were exposed to single or double pitch and made of timber rafters purlin. Finishes in the Hausa traditional Architecture was made of cement plaster. Furthermore, the open spaces area ranges from 15%-35% of the total land area.

Currently many bacteria have been exploited for production of biopolymers for various industrial applications. The need for biopolymers has been increasing constantly along with increase in human needs. In the present study two important biopolymers- edo polymer (PHA) and exopolymer (EPS) was extracted and characterized from the Bacillus sp. 2-11. The ability of Bacillus sp.2-11 to produce PHA was identified by simple and rapid Sudan black B staining method. Similarly the presence of exopolysaccharides was identified by Alcian Blue staining method. The ability of the organism to utilize cheap substrates as carbon source for polyhydroxyalkonates (PHA) and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was determined. Rice bran, wheat bran, molasses and sago liquid wastes were supplemented as carbon substrate in nitrogen free production medium. The most suitable carbon source was sago liquid waste as it showed 42.15% and 50.80% PHA and EPS yield respectively. It was also observed that PHA yield was growth associated whereas EPS production was observed at the late exponential phase. Both FT-IR and GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of PHA and EPS in Bacillus sp.2-11