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Administration of justice by courts requires a smooth and undistracted courtroom management. Parties to a case and any other individual in a courtroom are expected to comply with basic court demeanor standards. The concept of contempt of court is employed to represent violation of those courtroom standards set by the law. Contempt of court is criminally punishable under the Ethiopian Revised Criminal Code and Civil Procedure Code. Apart from the issue on how to make a balance between the right to free speech on the one hand and the right to protect the administration of justice on the other, contempt cases give rise to a natural justice objection against summary proceedings. This research aimed to examine the Ethiopian law on contempt of court vis a vis the practice of five purposively selected woreda courts in East Gojjam zone in relation to crime of contempt of court. The researcher employed a qualitative and non-doctrinal research approach. Judges, public prosecutors and attorneys were participants of the research. Contempt of court is found to virtually defy a precise definition because of the infinite number of ways in which the administration of justice can be prejudiced or abused. Courts use a summary procedure in which the contemnor may be convicted and sentenced for the contempt as it occurs. Despite its importance in regulating court room manners, the law on contempt of court is found to have impact upon the constitutional rights of the accused. Detailed courtroom management manual and mechanisms for respecting the right to be heard of the accused shall be crafted to limit discretionary powers of courts and protect due process rights of persons accused with contempt of court.

Laparoscopy (or laparoscopy) is considered in surgery as a non-invasive elective approach. It allows a shorter duration of hospitalization, fewer scarring sequelae, an improvement in morbidity and a reduction in the cost of the intervention. In our case study, we propose a retrospective study of about 113 patients, the aim of which is to underline the interest of laparoscopy in the discovery and/or confirmation of the diagnosis, in situations where the etiological diagnosis could not be established, despite morphological examinations.

Dysphagia is a frequent reason for consultation. High-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) is the current reference examination for the exploration of dysphagia when endoscopy is normal with negative esophageal biopsies. This is a retrospective single-center study including 231 patients presenting dysphagia with normal upper digestive endoscopy and negative esophageal biopsies benefited from HRM. The diagnosis was retained based on the Chicago 3.0 classification. We used a HRM unisensor catheter and the MMS 9.5 sofware for interpretation. Our study included 231 patients, 126 (54.54%) of whom were women. Mean age was 43.9 years (extremes 18- 94 years). MHR was pathological in 186 cases (80.51%). It revealed achalasia in 121 patients (65.05%): achalasia type I in 25 patients (20.66%), type II in 86 patients (71.07%) and type III in 10 cases (8.26%). HRM showed others esophageal motility disorders corresponding to scleroderma in 20 patients (10.75%), ineffective motricity in 33 patients (17,7%), oesogastric junction obstruction in 7 cases (3.7%), jackhammer oesophagus in 2 cases (1,07%), oesophageal spasm in 3 cases (1.61%). HRM was normal in 45 patients (19.48%).High-resolution esophageal manometry represents an undeniable advance in the diagnosis of esophageal motor disorders in patients with dysphagia and normal endoscopy. The most common primary motor disorder is achalasia type II.

This paper demonstrates various attempts by the wives of Nandi migrant labourers to devise household surviving strategies to cope with the prolonged absence of their spouses in the colonial period (1908-1963). The study utilised the concept of Agency and a qualitative design, purposive sampling, 40 wives and 15 relatives of the migrant labourers. The socio-cultural and economic strategies that they devised included utilising their husbands’ remittances, seeking additional employment, domestic trading, traditional beer brewing, cooperative cultivation, hired labour, gathering firewood, prostitution, concubinage, and elopement. They succeeded to a large extent and managed to expand plots, bought cattle among other benefits.

The incidence of coronary spasm appears to be decreasing, probably due to the widespread use of bradycardia calcium channel blockers, statin, and reducing smoking also. Many studies have shown the pathological association of atheroma plaque and coronary spasm. The new imaging techniques: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Intravasculaire ultrasound (IVUS), allows accurate analysis of arterial tunnels. In this article, we report a case of a patient who presented with refractory spastic angina, wich was complicated by acute coronary syndrome many month later.

In Ethiopia, the modern concept of corporation and principle of corporate governance is new and at its enfant stage even if the commercial code that governs company in Ethiopia has enacted since 1960. The corporate governance regime of private limited company in Ethiopia has many legal and practical problems. This article devoted on the legal and practical problems associated with the Ethiopian private limited companies. In doing so the researcher employed doctrinal research approach. The corporated governance problems associated the absence of governance board to the private limited company in Ethiopia is the main apprehension that makes the researcher to carry out a study on the corporate governance of PLC in Ethiopia. The study divulge that the absence of board of directors in the governance of private limited companies in Ethiopia as a big governance problem of PLCs that the researcher has tried to address.

In this paper, study on the electrodeposition of ZnNi/nanosilica alloy coating on carbon steel and in?uence of 5g/L nanosilica in the plating bath on some properties such as morphology, structure characteristics and corrosion resistance of the ZnNi/nanosilica coating were conducted. The results revealed that ZnNi/nanosilica composite coating contained 16.37 % Ni and 0.32 % Si. Only the phase ?Ni5Zn21 were observed in the ZnNi/nanosilica alloy coatings. The thickness of the ZnNi/nanosilica coating was 16.56 µm. The corrosion resistance on the ZnNi/nanosilica coating was evaluated by time for red rust appearing in salt fog test as 900 hours.

Main purpose of this study was to compare the prevailing decision making practices in the universities of Pakistan. The decision making practice was compared on the following aspects: a. Decision Dictated by the chair, b. Decisions made by a majority vote c. Decisions taken on political grounds in public and private sector universities. It was found that both public and private sector have same procedure of decisions making and are made by a majority vote. Differences were found between public and private sector universities that decisions are dictated by the chair and are taken according to internal and external pressure. This practice was observed mostly in public sector universities of Pakistan.

This paper presents design and analysis of an LCL-based voltage source converter using for delivering power of a distributed generation source to power utility and local load. LCL filer in output of the converter analytically is designed and its different transfer functions are obtained for assessment on elimination of any probable parallel resonant in power system. The power converter uses a controller system to work on two modes of operation, stand-alone and grid-connected modes, and also has a seamless transfer between these two modes of operation. Furthermore, a fast semiconductor-based protection system is designed for the power converter. Performance of the designed grid interface converter is evaluated by using an 85-kVA industrial setup.

This research paper is examined to find out the relationship between customer loyalty, service quality, Bank reputation and customer satisfaction in the Pakistan banking industry. This research paper uses administrative questionnaire. The variable include in this paper are customer loyalty as dependent variable and customer satisfaction, bank reputation and service quality as independent variable. The questionnaire includes 9 items of service quality, 5 items of bank reputation, 5 items of customer satisfaction and 5 items of customer loyalty. A sample size of 50 respondents is conducted in Narowal cities, Pakistan. A regression analysis is performed to study the impact of banking service quality on customer satisfaction in Pakistan banking industry. The findings from regression analysis suggest that banking services quality significantly influenced by customer loyalty. . In addition, the results from linear regressions analysis show that the Tangible dimension has the largest influence on customer loyalty.