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After independence Tanzania adopted a socialist ideology,‘Ujamaa’.‘Ujamaa’ was a political decision to societal development. It is obvious majority poor were complacent to it. This made many Tanzanians to identify themselves as “wajamaa.” Nevertheless, the economic crisis of 1970s swayed Tanzania to adopt Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) . SAPs are grounded in liberalism. This situation led Tanzania to a dilemma of having liberalism and abandoning socialism since the two ideologies are disputable and can never be applied at the same setting. Apparently, the socialist ideology is identified with Mwalimu J.K. Nyerere, the founder of the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). It is logical that to abandon “Ujamaa” is to illegitimise CCM from the majority Tanzanians. Instead, Tanzania decided to adopt the SAPs in 1980s and remain with Ujamaa on paper for legitimacy. In 1991 Zanzibar Resolution was drawn to entomb core values of “Ujamaa”.It is this particular event which is claimed as marking death of “Ujamaa” in practice. Mwl. Nyerere himself commented in 1993 that “Ujamaa” had been warped. Yet, CCM would argue for existence of “Ujamaa”. The bases for the argument are Article 9(j) of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania 1977(URT Constitution) and Article 4(3) and 5(3) of the CCM Constitution 1977(CCM Constitution). This paper argues that Tanzania has currently a “myeloma” in ideology. And thus, it suffers a crisis. Its praxis is absent. Concomitantly, the praxis of liberalism through privatization policies and legislation is repugnant and thus unconstitutional. This leaves the general public confused. Moreover it makes investors lose confidence in business as a result. The paper recommends a wider debate involving all stakeholders be held in guiding the country to one clear direction on ideology.

Teachers elavuate their roles in their school environment by what they feel as they go to work everyday. The ability of workers to adapt to the work environment is often associated with job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is urgently needed to provide comfort in performing tasks that have been entrusted to the teachers. It would be achieved if all requirement are met and it would indirectly increase the motivate the teachers. Nowdays there are few signs which indicate that job satisfaction has occured degradation. The stages of adaptation at the workplace often vary which will result in job dissatisfaction and thus the job performance is affected. Apart from that, findings of several studies has found that the key factors affecting job satisfaction to teachers is the development of motivation, attitude and behavior of an individual and the emotional stress due to workload and their internal problem. Job satisfaction is also closely related to the working-class pressure. The working pressure is always identified as factors leading to low production yield, absenteeism, resignations and poor health of workers. An individual who has high job satisfaction will focus on his career, will be not easily tired, hardworking, highly motivated and will strive to improve work performance. Aspects of job satisfaction is also associated with the psychological aspects inseparable from the concept of motivation. The emphasis on job satisfaction is very important because it will indirectly affect individual performance and contribution to the organization. Someone who do not get job satisfaction will be tempted to neglect their duty and does not carry out the mandate that was given to him.

Gastrointestinal duplications are rare congenital anomalies but interesting clinical entities. Most of them showing up in pediatric population they have a varied presentation, with clinical features will vary from asymptomatic abdominal masses to bowel obstruction or perforation. This review traces the embryological origin and describes the anatomical types of duplications. Lack of normal gut motility interferes with movement of intestinal contents In children mostly associated with abdominal surgery or infection. Adhesions are fibrous bands of tissue Cause: postoperative small bowel obstruction after abdominal surgery The majority of obstructions: is single adhesions and can occur any time after 2nd postoperative week

Persistent left superior vena cava is rare but an important congenital vascular anomaly. When superior cardinal vein caudal to innominate vein fails to regresses PLSVC occurs. It is observed in isolation but associated with other cardiovascular abnormalities including atrial septal defect, biscuspid aortic valve, and coarctation of aorta, coronary sinus ostial atresia, and cortriatratium. The PLSVC can render access to right slide of heart challenging via the left subclavian approach, which is utilized using pacemaker and Swiz-Ganz catheters. Incidental notation of dilated coronary sinus on echocardiography raises the suspicion of PLSVC. The diagnosis is confirmed by saline contrast echocardiography.

Interrupted aortic arch a rare abnormality, is the discontinuity of the ascending and descending aorta. There are three types which are classified based on the area of interruptions. They are Type-A, Type-B and Type-C. In the Type-A form, the interruptions occurs distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. Type-B interrupted left aortic arch is characterized by the interruption that occurs between the left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery. Type-C variants are due to the interruption or discontinuity between the innominate artery and the left common carotid artery.

A slimy bloom of the marine Haptophyta, Phaeocystis globosa was newly recorded in the Gulf of Mannar, near Manapad coast during the summer season (May-June 2012). The cells were generally in colonial form, embedded with in a gelatinous matrix. The intensity of the bloom was as high 2,96,040 colonies/l. The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll ‘a’ ratio varied from 138±145 ?g/l. The physical and chemical parameters including salinity, temperature, pH, nutrients and dissolved oxygen were evaluated along with Phaeocystis data. In this study, nitrite, nitrate, inorganic phosphate, ammonia was also determined as following ranges 0.454±0.544, 1.16±3.42, 6.70±13.70, and 0.13±0.36 and 5.8±23.30 ?g/l respectively. The previous report revealed that the occurrence of Phaeocystis globosa recorded in the mid-region of Arabian Sea. Therefore, the present study was proved that this is the first report on the occurrence of Phaeocystis bloom from the Gulf of Mannar waters and concluded that this species might be introduced by ballast discharge and adapted to new environments due to anthropoid influence. This newly recorded species is highly deserved for further study.

The incidence, effect, and causal organism of fungal leaf spot diseases of orange tree (Citrus spp.) in Southeastern Nigeria were investigated. Healthy and diseased samples of orange leaves were obtained from Aba, Amagunze, Awka, Nkpor , and Onitsha all in Southeastern Nigeria. Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) was used for isolation of fungi. Ten trees with disease symptoms were sampled at each location using visual assessment method and their percentage frequency calculated. The occurrence of fungal leaf spot was least at Nkpor (30%) and highest at Aba (43%). The fungi identified were Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporium, Botryodiplodia theobromae, and Geotrichium spp. The F. solani occurred at highest percentage of 37.5% incidence while the lowest was B. theobromae at 6.25%. The pathogenicity test revealed that the major cause fungal leaf spot disease of orange was B. theobromae, Fusarium solani, and F. oxysporium. Although, leaf spot disease is a minor economic problem that reduces crop yield, a number of control measures need to be adopted.

Visual cryptography (VC) is a technique for protecting the secret image which encodes the picture into many shares and allots them to different members. At the point when all shares are adjusted and stacked together, they uncover the secrete image. In k out of n (k, n) VC plot, the secret image is shared into n shares to such an extent that when k or more members by storing up their transparencies by methods for an overhead projector to uncovers the secret image. This paper proposed a spic and span of basic and strong (k, n) visual cryptography method which is utilized to successfully imparting the secret image to most extreme classification. In share creation process, determined new condition for arbitrary grids and after that XOR activities are performed to produce the 'n' transparencies. It is conceivable to decipher the secret image outwardly by superimposing a k subset of transparencies. All things considered no mystery information can be procured from the superposition of an unlawful subset. Trials, measurable and security evaluations are completed on the offers to approve the quality of the proposed plot by methods for a succession of examinations, for example, visual testing, encryption quality testing, security investigation and diverse assaults. The proposed (k, n) VC plot offers a reliable insurance for conveying pictures over people in general channels.

In this article, a report of a study to investigate pertinent citations in the introduction sections of empirical article published in Turkish Journal of Chemistry is presented. It is attempt to proceed with the validation that majority of citation made in the introduction sections of scientific articles are impertinent to the study. In this study, an empirical investigation of pertinence of citations made in Turkish Journal of Chemistry is presented. In this particular study, citations made in the introduction sections in issues published from 1997 to 2004 were analyzed. An empirical scientific article was randomly selected from every issue published, and the pertinence of selected article was determined. Overall, the result showed that less than 20% of the citations were pertinent to the study. This result suggests that over 80% of citations made in the introduction sections may not be applicable in the computation of effective impact of publications.

It is obvious that learning new vocabularies in the process of acquiring a second language has always been significant. First and best medium in every language is vocabulary. No connection is possible without knowing the words. Using words means connection. Without using vocabularies and knowing their meanings, speaking is worthless and meaningless. Acquisition of new words is of various procedures. Some learn new words through speaking and some learn by reading. In second language teaching and learning vocabulary through reading, there are two instructional techniques: incidental learning and intentional learning. This case study explores the role of reading in S2 vocabulary acquisition, and the effect of different vocabulary instructional techniques on the vocabulary learning of Iranian advanced EFL students who learn English in English institutes. The results of the study produce the following findings: 1) Both instructional treatments result in significant gains in learners` receptive vocabulary knowledge, but the combination of the incidental and intentional learning instruction leads to greater vocabulary gains and better retention. 2) Students` vocabulary size plays a decisive role in acquiring the productive aspect of the vocabulary knowledge.