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The practice of interaction between parents and teachers is considered of utmost significance. No doubt, the present environment in the educational institutions of higher learning may not seem fit for such interaction. But if a small step is taken in this regard by involving the students and their parents through meetings of the parents and teachers, information to parents about the attendance of the students, information to parents about the performance of students, communication for disciplinary action against defaulters, feedback from the parents and suggestions of the parents, it will usher a new era in the qualitative aspects of an educational institutions of higher learning. The sample has been taken from 44 institutions of higher education in Haryana. 10 students from each institution were included in the sample. These 44 institutions include 19 urban aided institutions (13 co-ed. And 6 women colleges), 8 urban government institutions (5 co-ed. and 3 women colleges), 11 rural aided institutions (3 co-ed. and 8 women colleges) and 6 rural government institutions (3 co-ed. and 3 women colleges).

A coding scheme for OFDM transmission is proposed, exploiting a connection between pairs of Golay complementary sequences and second-order Reed-Muller codes. Using a realization of 16-QAM or 64 QAM constellation as the vector sum or two or three QPSK constellation respectively we construct 16 QAM and 64 QAM sequences having low PAPR. In this paper, we further examine the squared Euclidean distance of these M-QAM sequences and their variations. Our aim here is to combine the block coded modulation (BCM) and Golay complementary sequences to trade off the PAPR, the code rate, and the squared Euclidean distance of M-QAM OFDM signals

We are very happy to announce that from 30th December 2011, Dr. Anirban Basu has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Software Engineering and Cloud Computing Dr. Anirban Basu is a Fellow of The Institution of Engineers (India) and a Senior Member of IEEE (USA), Immediate Past Chairman of Computer Society of India, Bangalore Chapter, and in the management committees of a number of professional organizations. The appointment of Dr. Anirban Basu as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 19th June 2012, Dr. K. Baskar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Agriculture and Pest. Dr. K. Baskar is currently working with Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai-34, Tamil Nadu, India. The appointment of Dr. K. Baskar as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 14th August 2012, Dr. Meghshyam K. Patil has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Chemistry. Dr. Meghshyam K. Patil is currently working at Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, Sub-campus, Osmanabad- 413 501, India. The appointment of Dr. Meghshyam K. Patil as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 11th November 2013, Dr. Mereuta Claudiu has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Physical Education and Sport Science. Dr. Mereuta Claudiu is currently working as PhD Lecturer in University of Galati, Physical Education and Sport Faculty, 47 Domneasca Street, Galati 800008 Romania. The appointment of Dr. Mereuta Claudiu as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 5th May 2017, Dr. Nikkoo N. Khalsa has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Electronics and Communication Engineering. Dr. Nikkoo N. Khalsa working as Assistant Professor in Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering at Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology & Research, Badnera. The appointment of Dr. Nikkoo N. Khalsa as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

This study examined the effect of crude oil price on agricultural productivity in Nigeria between 1981 and 2010. Agricultural productivity (proxy as agricultural GDP) was specified as a function of factors such as exchange rate, crude oil price, capital stock, labour, land and fertilizer. Quantitative estimates, based on Augmented-Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Co-integration and Error Correction modelling, indicate that the exchange rate, capital, labour and trend are the major determinants of agricultural productivity in the long-run, while price of crude oil price is the most important determinant of agricultural productivity in the short–run. The results further shows that the error correction mechanism (ECM) indicated a feedback of about 112.5% of the previous year’s disequilibrium from long-run domestic agricultural production.

Business practices in Somalia have gone through many innovations. One of the most dynamic of these innovations has been mobile money. Different telecom companies provide different brands of mobile money. However, amongst EVC plus offered by Hormuud telecom is the most popular mobile money that people depend on their daily transactions in south and central Somalia. However, without effective functioning of central bank, limited education of business owners, unfavorable domestic environment, lack of business information; wide spread of mobile money adaptation by SMEs is likely to affect their financial performance. However the study sought to investigate the effects of mobile transfer on the financial performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Mogadishu, Somalia. More specifically, the study sought to achieve the following objectives; to assess the extent to which mobile money transaction cost, number of mobile money transactions, financial literacy and mobile money transfer regulations affect the financial performance of SMEs in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study adopted a descriptive survey method which was conducted through administration of questionnaires. Data was collected from a sample of 146 SMEs in Bakara market using purposive sampling technique. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were then used to analyze data with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0.The results of this study revealed that there was a relationship between mobile money transfer and financial performance of small and medium enterprises. On the basis of the findings of this study, it was concluded that mobile money transfer had positive effect on financial performance of small and medium enterprises. The study found that mobile money transaction costs, financial literacy and mobile transfer regulation, affected financial performance of small and medium enterprises. It was recommended that due to the effect of financial literacy and mobile transfer regulation, managers should ensure they build capacity in terms of financial knowledge and also liaise with the regulator on the various regulations to be adopted. It is suggested that the Central Bank of Somalia needs to come up with a complex regulatory framework on how mobile platforms can transact effectively in the financial system. The Central Bank of Somalia needs to build capacity amongst its employees so as to be prepared for mobile innovations especially where money transfers are involved.

This study was conducted with a view to identify the socio-economic characteristics of processors of Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa; to examine the role of the rural dwellers in the sourcing and processing of V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa; to examine the different benefits that accrue to commercial processing of V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa and to investigate strategies put in place for sustainable use of V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa in the study area. Three (3) Local Government Areas were purposively selected for the study and purposive random sampling method was adopted for the selection of respondents. Primary data were obtained through the use of questionnaires while secondary data was gathered from relevant literature. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and gross margin analysis. The result showed that 90% of Vitellaria paradoxa and 94.3% of Parkia biglobosa processors were female. Majority of the processors of V. paradoxa (77.1%) and P. biglobosa (58%) fell within the age range of 21-40 years. Fruits of V. paradoxa (84.3%) and seeds of P. biglobosa (77.1%) were obtained from processors farmlands as a result of the relative availability of the trees on their farmlands. The remaining processors of V. paradoxa (15.7%) and P. biglobosa (22.9%) had no trees on their farmlands so they gathered the fruits and seeds from and around forest lands. 84.37% of V. paradoxa and 88.5% of P. biglobosa processors indicated that income was the main economic benefit derived from this business while social benefits highlighted by the respondents ranged from produce been used as food, medicine, condiment and cosmetic. The result also showed that processors of V. paradoxa incurred more costs, produced more output and had a higher average gross return in processing than P. biglobosa processors. The RORI for the processing business in the study area was 51% and 96%. To promote sustainability the people have adopted local means of sustaining production by preventing indiscriminate livestock grazing and bush burning.