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Current study examined the effects of using emails on the improvement of writing performance of ESL learners in terms of syntactical complexity, lexical complexity and grammatical accuracy. Subjects in present study were ESL learners at a language institute in Pakistan. Linguistic analysis of the writing samples of learners was executed by the application of two computerized text analysis programs, i.e. “wordsmith tools” (Scott, 1996) and “word perfect 10”. By applying mixed method of research, the study results showed that L2 learners improved syntactic and lexical complexity of their writing through email based writing activities than their in-class writing activities. However, they made more errors in terms of grammar accuracy while corresponding through email. Results from students’ self- report revealed that email based learning approach could help students to learn and enhance their English writing skills while generating enthusiasm, learner autonomy and engagement alongside.

Universities have always had three key roles to play: teaching, research and community service. However in recent times, they have been expected to excel in a fourth and pivotal new role, that of developers of the economy. In order to achieve this new and important role, they have had to become entrepreneurial in nature and become what has been termed “entrepreneurial universities”. This paper had as its objective the development of a roadmap for Nigerian universities to follow if they truly wanted to excel as developers of the Nigerian economy by becoming entrepreneurial universities. The roadmap covered six critical factors namely government policy, top-management buy-in, availability of finance, availability of infrastructure, quality of staff and entrepreneurship education which are considered vital for any university with aspirations of becoming entrepreneurial in nature. A critical analysis of these six factors as to their prevalence in the Nigerian context revealed that in all six critical factors, Nigerian universities had a lot of work to do to attain the minimum standard required by each of the six critical factors. Most importantly, the analysis revealed that the biggest problem among the six factors lay in the issue of sincere leadership. The authors were of the opinion that until and unless the top management of Nigerian universities put the betterment of these universities as the most important priority rather than their personal self-enrichment, none of the other five factors would be attainable, and the dream of Nigerian universities contributing positively to the development of the economy by become more entrepreneurial in nature would remain forever unfulfilled.

This paper has presented a control strategy for improving transient response performance for a plastic extrusion process.. A dynamic equation of a single screw plastic extruder was obtained. The main control variable is the screw speed in relation with the pressure and the temperature. A high degree of speed accuracy is required to ensure the optimal performance of the extrusion process. In order to adequately control the screw speed in relation to the pressure, a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) which combines a proportional integral and derivative (PID) control strategy was developed and integrated with obtained dynamic equation of a single screw plastic extrusion process considered in this context. The gain parameter of the MRAC was selected for different values and simulations were performed in Matlab/Simulink environment by altering the adaptive gain. The implemented system in Matlab/Simulink shows that the developed controller improved the transient response performance of the process. This resulted to a fast response, near zero-overshoot, and improved transient performance.

This paper investigates how marked structures in an English literary text are translated into its Persian equivalents. The research questions in this paper focus on the problematic differences between the translation of thematic sentences from English into Persian. In doing so, a corpus of English novelistic prose (The Heart of Darkness) was investigated along with its Persian translation. The model guiding the analysis was Nida’s notion of dynamic equivalence, which specifically emphasizes the effects that a translated text has on its target audience. To conduct the analysis, five categories of thematized sentences (passive, adjunct front, cleft, pseudo-cleft, topicalized) were considered. Results showed that passivation was the most frequently used thematized structure among the categories. Furthermore, it was found that translator had rendered original marked structures in the English text into both marked and unmarked Persian structures.

Language as a representation of fundamental concepts and ideas has been studied and thought worthy Crystallized thoughts, beliefs and convictions of language in different kind of languages are one of the main foci which noticed in many humanity subjects. In recent years, our knowledge and understanding of multiple aspects of “relationship” has been increased because of many investigations of language behavior. (Wales 1990); translation process is a language process which is set between two languages so understanding and recognizing it is much harder and simple conception (the only means to ignore all the elements that are involved in any cases), regardless of background, effects of relationship and the position will be like a lion with not mane and tail. Author, reader and text have features that considering to them is necessary in understanding and transferring the text message correctly; we will have different complications, even if we believe that the translation is reversing the words and patterns because, because the set of elements and syntactic patterns are very extensive and each element has its own complex problems. Translation does not mean only entering new concepts of source language to the target language yea it is a cultural, social and communicational phenomenon that should be studied independently and descriptively. Translator slowly changes phenomena and creates the new phenomena such as the author that we often don’t recognize the meaning changes due to the collection changes.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the types and causes of landslides in Kittony area of Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The specific objectives were: To establish the types of landslides prevalent in Kittony area and identify the factors that cause landslides in Kittony area of Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study population comprised of 2000 residents of Kittony area in Elgeyo Marakwet County. Five members of the local administration and the County Geologist were included in the study. The sample size consisted of the following respondents: Two hundred and forty six residents of Kittony area which translated to 12.3 % of the total population was selected as study respondents through Simple Random Sampling. One local chief of Kittony area and a County Geologist was purposively selected and interviewed. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design and utilized a qualitative research methodology. The systems theory was used to underpin the study and a conceptual framework showing the interrelationship between the dependent and independent variables was used to guide and conceptualize the study. The findings of the study included: The types of landslides that exist in the area are mudslides, rock fall and earth flows. The heavy rains, poor soils and the rugged topography in the area as factors that triggered landslides. That the government despite assisting by providing humanitarian assistance and advising people to move to safer locations, more was needed in terms of relocating residents to safer areas and converting the affected areas into forest lands, building gabions to control soil erosion and controlling other human activities. This study can also be replicated in other areas having similar problems.

The adsorption of mercuric ions (Hg2+) on nano zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs) structure was studied using the Monte Carlo simulation and the density functional theory (DFT) methods. The obtained results have shown that the adsorption process is thermodynamically favorable. The mercuric ions are strongly adsorbed on the ZnO-NPs structures due to the formation of the chemical bonds resulted from the positive overlap between p-orbitals of the adsorbate species and the p-orbitals of the zinc atoms in the structure of ZnO-NPs.

Kaolin is a clay mineral that has a wide application in the industry, depending on its purity. The quality of kaolin mined around the world is depleting especially with depth and rate of mining. Consequently the usability of this mineral is threatened by the presence of some inherent impurities. Beneficiation enhances kaolin applications; hence, it becomes imperative to understudy comparative means of upgrading kaolin, for the process integration and optimization. The amenability of using magnetic separation for removing the iron oxide and titanium oxide impurities from the Egyptian Kaolin has been studied. Different variables affecting of magnetic separation process such as solid percent, magnetic field, matrix loading capacity, and retention time were studied. The results indicated that substantial decrease in iron oxide (from 1.69 % to 0.75 %) and TiO2 (from 3.1 % to 0.71 %) contents as well as improving iso-brightness (from 63.76 % to 75.21 % and whiteness (from 79.85 % to 86.72 %) of the product could be achieved.

The structural complexity within the basement complex of Zaria batholith makes refraction survey and interpretation a very difficult task. Assignment of picked travel time into different layers which is critical for refraction tomography inversion is almost impossible, because it is very difficult to determine when the refraction event becomes the first break in a processed seismic data. Therefore, this research work is aimed at designing a technique that will help in establishing the time at which the refraction event becomes the first break in such situation. The procedure involves conventional travel time plots, identification of the time at which the refraction energy arrives with the aid of the conventional time plot, assignment of layers to the various travel time picks and the tomography inversion process. The results of the conventional travel time plots revealed that average time at which the refraction event becomes the first break was determined to be 33 ms. This was used to assign layers to the travel time picks that were used for tomography inversion that generated a tomography model that correlated very well with a borehole log sited at the centre of the profile. It was concluded that conventional refraction travel time plot will serve as a viable tool for estimating the time at which the refraction event becomes the first break necessary for refraction tomography inversion in regions of substantial complexity or for seismic refraction data that has very low signal to noise ratio.

The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, corresponding vibrational assignments and thermodynamic properties of N-(4-methoxybenzylidene) aniline (N4MBA) have been investigated by using ab initio HF/6-311++G(d,p) and DFT/B3LYP method at 6-311G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The energy and oscillator strength calculated by TD-DFT are in line with experimental findings. Moreover, we have not only simulated HOMO and LUMO, but also determined the energy band gap. The stability of the molecule arising from hyperconjugative interaction and charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural NBO analysis. Besides, Mulliken charges were also calculated. IR and Raman intensities were calculated and TED also has been reported.