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Economic sanctions can result in more than a 70% decrease in business activities in a sanctioned country. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to identify the strategies import and export small business owners use to sustain businesses under economic sanctions. The population for this study was import and export small business owners in the state of Khartoum, Sudan. General systems theory served as the conceptual framework and underpinned the study. The data collection included semistructured interviews and government financial reports. Adhering to an interview protocol, conducting transcript reviews of participants’ interviews, member checking, and methodological triangulation represented the measures to ensure dependability, trustworthiness, creditability, transferability, and confirmability of the research. The thematic data analysis involved data cleaning, uploading the transcribed interviews into qualitative data analysis software, reorganizing the data, coding relevant information, and methodological triangulation against financial reports from the Central Bank of Sudan and the World Development Bank Indicators. The results from the thematic data analysis led to the identification of some major themes, notably, innovative strategies to secure funding and increase business sustainability despite the unfavorable economic climate consequent to the prevalent economic sanctions. The consensus among participants denoted that creative strategies presented the only choice to overcome the adverse business climate. The study findings may contribute to positive social change as the knowledge from it may aid in the improvement of employment, the living standards, and the prosperity of small businesses and societies in Sudan.

Present study revealed that thermophile fungal species richness on different substrate in different temperature gradients like room, 35,45,55,650C.Total 23 fungal species were found from six different organic substrate. Among six substrates, vermiompost (57) and Farm Yard Manure (FYM) (52) were recorded highest species richness and % incidence while less in ash (14). Among isolated thermophilic fungi, Aspergillus species found abundant in all the substrate and temperature ranges while poor incidence in case of Trichoderma harzianum, Rhizoctonia, Geotrichum, Alternaria species, Aspergillus tamari and Peniillium cinnamon. Among the thermophiles Aspergillus niger and A. flavus were found on all the substrates itself act as thermotolerent. Every temperature gradient showed the growth incidence in all substrate but room temp and 350C showed richness of fungal incidence. Even some species showed the growth on some substrate at higher temp (65^•C) in some extent.

As part of the comprehensive reforms in Kenya, the Teachers Service Commission (TSC) introduced performance contracting initiatives to counter the unsatisfaction in services delivery systems. Thus, the study sought to explore the infrastructural challenges facing headteachers in the implementation of performance contracting in public primary schools in Nandi North Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted an exploratory design with a sample size of 123 respondents sampled through stratified sampling. Data collection procedures involved the use of interviews. The headteachers are facing challenges that include inadequate training, lack ICT skills, etc. The study concluded that these concerns have impeded the implementation process and recommend that the headteachers be trained and facilitated.

The corrosion behavior of copper-nickel alloy in the presence of two organic inhibitors that belong to the pyrazole derivatives namely 1,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)methylamine and 1,3-Dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)acetic acid has been investigated in natural sea water. Weight-loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to analyze the effect of the organic compounds on the corrosion inhibition of copper-nickel alloy. Polarization studies showed that these inhibitors were found to act as mixed type for alloy in chloride solution. It suppresses the cathodic and anodic reactions rates and it renders the open circuit potential to more noble directions. Measurements of values of charge transfer resistance (Rct) and the double layer capacity (Cdl) have been carried out. Accelerated leaching studies revealed that the inhibitors control the dissolution of copper and nickel in the alloy.

Knowledge management is a process that helps organizations to find important information, select, organize and publish them; and it’s a proficiency that will be necessary for actions like solving problems, dynamic learning, decision making. Knowledge management can improve a wide range of organization performance properties by enabling company to more intelligent performance, but it’s not enough alone; because knowledge management to be useful needs undertaking staff to organization and their job, that accept the knowledge management process with spirit and heart and perform it(Wiig, 1999:14). With considering the importance of this topic, the current discussion will study the relation between knowledge management and professional commitment of staff at a petroleum company in the south of Iran. Formation of this study was based on this question that with considering the importance of professional commitment and organizational commitment of staff, what the relation between knowledge management and professional commitment and organizational commitment of staff is. The tools of data collection in order to knowledge management evaluation is the 21 questions questionnaire of Proset et al., to evaluation of professional commitment and organizational commitment, that’s combination and native 27 questions questionnaire of Allen and Meyer et al.; the stability of professional commitment and organizational commitment obtained 83% and the stability of knowledge management evaluation was 0.87 and because of being Kronbakh alpha of questionnaires both more than 0.7, both questionnaires had obligatory stability. To determine being normal, the data obtained of Colmogroph -Smirnoph was applied and confirmed the results of being normal test. Hypothesizes of the study were examined by performing of Spearman correlation test and their significant and positive effects were proved, this means that knowledge management totally has a direct and significant relation with organizational commitment and professional commitment.

The study first throws the light on the importance of PR professionals in any business. It distinguishes between the advertisement and PR. The work and role of PR professional is highlighted along with siting the need and importance. It shows how PR professionals can make use of even difficult situation for betterment of the company.

Table of contents for the month of November 2020

Table of contents for the month of September 2019

The main objective of present investigation is to introduce the magnetohydrodynamic peristaltic transport with porous medium through a coaxial asymmetric vertical tapered channel and Joule heating with radiation. Effects of sundry parameters on the temperature and heat transfer coefficient at the wall y = h1 are studied through graphs. It is noted that the temperature increases when increase in Radiation parameter (N), Prandtl number (Pr), heat source/sink parameter (?), Brinkman number (Br), Hartmann number (M), non-uniform parameter (K1) and non-dimensional amplitude (?) in entire tapered channel. Further, we observe that the heat transfer coefficient decreases when non-uniform parameter (K1) is assigned higher values.

Indian banking sector faced the many challenges due to enlarging NPAs in the banks. The profitability of the banks is not only adversely affected due to these NPAs’ but also enhanced the carrying cost. The net worth of the banks is also adversely affected. Due to the enlarging NPAs in banks, the RBI made stringent rules to curb the alarming situation. But in 2009, the RBI has to liberalised the norms in January 2009 due to the slowdown of Indian Economy. The private sector banks and the foreign banks exhibited the good show in bringing down the NPAs as most of the private and foreign banks brought down the NPA level up to 2 percent. Their sub-standard assets, doubtful assets and loss assets have decreased considerably over the time. The present paper is an attempt to study NPA problem in Private Sector and Foreign Banks in India.