Archives-December 

Pharmacoeconomics is the branch of economics that applies cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness, cost-minimization, and cost-utility analyses to compare the economics of different pharmaceutical products or drug therapy to non-drug treatments. Pharmacoeconomics is the benchmark for practical authoritative reviews of the application of health economics and pharmacoeconomics to optimum drug therapy in disease management. Pharmacoeconomics has been defined as “the description and analysis of the costs of drug therapy to health care systems and society” .Pharmacoeconomics research identifies, measures, and compares the costs (i.e., resources consumed) and consequences (i.e., clinical, economics, humanistic) of pharmaceutical products and services. Within this framework are included the research methods related to cost – minimization, cost-effectiveness, cost-benefit, cost-of-illness, cost-utility, cost-consequences, and decision analysis, as well as quality –of-life and other humanistic assessments. In essence, Pharmacoeconomics analysis uses tools for examining the impact (desirable, undesirable) of alternative drug therapies and other medical interventions.

Gravity data were acquired along two profiles in some parts of the Njaba River sub-basin located in Southeastern Nigeria. Profile A-A’ runs for about 30 kilometers from Ogbaku to Oguta lake and Profile B-B’ (covers about 12km) runs from Mgbidi to Oguta lake with the end of the two profiles meeting at the lake. The corrected data is interpreted to prove the petroleum potentiality of the study area. The Bouguer gravity anomaly along Profile A-A’ revealed an initial positive gravity values (+50 to +10 g.u.) to a wavelength (distance) of about 21km and then followed by a sudden drop of the observed gravity showing a significant gravity minimum to a value of about -150 g.u. Profile B-B’ showed an alternating gravity highs and lows which was followed by a sharp drop in the observed gravity (-140 g.u.) when getting close to Oguta lake where the ends of the two profiles (A’ and B’) met. Further investigation showed that the structure modeled is graben (gravity low) and horsts (gravity high) bounded by two normal faults. The gravity high observed is due to the lesser density contrasts between the sediments and the basement, that is, the basement is closer to the surface (when compared with the areas showing negative anomaly) which could be explained to have resulted from the upwarping of the crust. The area showing gravity low shows thick sedimentary accumulation of recently deposited alluvium deposits deposited in the subsided area bounded by these two faults. The structural framework of the parts of the Njaba River sub-basin studied in particularly the northwestern part of the sub-basin in which structural faults and thick sediment pile were observed suggests an environment favorable for large-scale entrapment of hydrocarbons. This is justified by the ongoing exploration and exploitation of petroleum resources in the area and its environs (Oguta, Izombe, and Ossu oil fields). Further geologic and geophysical (3D seismic survey) studies is recommended to accurately map and obtain more information on the subsurface geological structures and stratigraphy of the sub-basin.

In facial scar correction, there is a shortage of soft tissue. Hence, reconstruction using tissue from surrounding areas needs to be performed. However, the tissue from distant area does not guarantee similarity in color, function and texture. Further, additional scars in the donor site are also inevitable. Replacement using tissue with similar colour and texture is one of the major challenges in facial reconstruction. In order to overcome this hurdle, tissue expanders are used. This has become a more practical and easy way of facial reconstruction surgeries.

This paper provides the simulation of 3 state inverter with different materials and compare the Leakage Current. Material which has the less Leakage Current is considered as better material for the designing of inverter. In previous time the mosfet is design by the combination of silicon and silicon oxide now we are using gallium arsenide and silicon dioxide as one combination and gallium arsenide and silicon nitride as another combination.

Utilization of Smart Systems is considered as a matter of significance in the world current construction industry. The study is to take the issue into analysis in Iran, as a developing country through answering the following questions: What are the main challenges regarding the usage of Smart Materials and Structures in Iranian Contemporary Architecture? And how can we describe a new horizon for the usage of Smart Systems in Iranian Contemporary Architecture? The research is based on the survey method, adopting the case-study and combined strategies along with the descriptive-analytic and comparative-analytic tactics. The study shows that the use of technology and especially New Technologies like Smart Materials and Structure has been sufficed to the buildings appearance aspects and there is no serious effort to improve the buildings qualitative features through the real technological potentials. The serious pragmatic attention to New Technologies capacities in both the theoretical and practical areas or the architectural education and profession is considered as the efficient solution for the discussed problem.

“Stomach infrastructure” is a jocular slang that was coined in the heat of the build-up towards the Ekiti State gubernatorial elections that took place on the 21st of June, 2014. One interesting highlight of the campaign was the wooing of prospective voters with things that could appeal to the masses like foodstuffs, money, recharge cards, etc, by the gubernatorial challenger. He ended up defeating the incumbent in a landslide victory. Hence, the term “stomach infrastructure” is used widely to describe petty inducements and bribes. It is also used to describe materialism, and the love of pleasurable things.This paper seeks to examine Pentecostalism and the impact it has on the lives of Nigerians. It also seeks to clarify the role of material or worldly wealth in the Pentecostal brand of the Gospel.

In this paper, we model the arc welding process by ANSYS software, the defects of weld joints is discussed. Ultrasonic techniques have been used for this purpose. An integrated comprehensive 3D model has been developed to study the transport phenomena in welding.. This includes the arc plasma, droplet generacoppertion, transfer and impingement onto the weld pool, and weld pool dynamics. Ultrasonic Testing (UT) uses high frequency sound waves to conduct examinations and make measurements. In this paper, T-shaped junction has been modeled in the software environment. The circuit model of an element is used to simulate carbon steel. UltraSonic attachment method has been studied. The optimization model is derived.

As an ability of a person influence a group of other people toward achievement targeted goal an organization is a leadership. School situation gives to most impact to school leadership, to the classroom and also to the administration. Classroom practiced by the teachers not only giving impact to the achievement of the classroom itself but to all of the person in the classroom. This article writes how role the teacher leadership has developed and influence classroom teaching and learning.

To investigate the differences between advanced and (lower) intermediate learners' sources of errors, two groups of eighty homogenous EFL Iranian learners were selected. The first group were eighty advanced English learners of one institute in Kerman at FCE (pre-intermediate level) level and the second group were eighty lower intermediate English learners of the same institute at COMB 1 (advanced) level. The researcher observed the subjects' performances and made a ten-hour audio-recording of their performances. The recorded tapes were transcribed. The findings of the study revealed that firstly, lower intermediate learners committed much more errors than the advanced ones (3360 errors versus 753), having equal time; secondly, there were significant differences between the intermediate and advanced learners' sources of errors. The intermediate learners mostly committed interlingual errors while most advanced learners committed intralingual errors. Both groups committed idiosyncratic errors too. Thirdly, there were meaningful differences between the two proficiency groups' types of intralingual errors; the intermediate learners committed much more overgeneralization and undergeneralization errors than the advanced learners, while both groups had equal faulty categorization errors.

Egypt is pioneer on all fields of literature especially on translation and issuing western thoughts among intellectuals and scientists. In fact, most historians believe that France emperor "Napeleon BonaParte" attack to Egypt provoked "Arab Spring" that started from Egypt. Narrating and proceeding children’s literature prepare the ground for developing the covert talents among authors.Suhair Al-Qalamavi was a symbol of Arab educated woman and a pioneer on advocating Egyptian women rights .Having entered to the university, she was favored by most of the professors at Cairo University, especially Dr. Taha Hossein. Her voluble language on stories made readers fallow the scenario and satisfied the addressers to perceive the texts easily. As a literal critic, Al-Qalamavi was writing for Cairo’s prominent press. She studied the works of many great scholars as "Taha Hossein", "Mohammad Heikal", "Mohammad Abduh, etc. and criticized some of them . The present study intends to study the literary role of great Egyptian women as Suhair Al-Qalamavi as a pioneer based on their activities and literary works, to show the equal role of men and women in Islamic Society.