Archives-December 

In the real world, most people are socially selfish; i.e., they are willing to forward packets with whom they have social ties but not to others, which varies with the strength of the social tie. A Social Selfishness Aware Routing (SSAR) algorithm to allow user selfishness and for having better routing performance in an efficient way is proposed. To select a forwarding node, SSAR considers both users’ willingness to forward and their contact based approaches, which results in a better forwarding method than purely contact-opportunities. SSAR also formulates the packet forwarding process as a Multiple Knapsack Problem with Assignment Restrictions (MKPAR) to satisfy user demands for selfishness and performance. Trace-based simulations show that SSAR allows users to maintain selfishness and it achieves better routing performance with low transmission cost.

The rapid growth in the energy consumption at individual level has given rise to a dramatic increase in both air and water pollution problems. The automobile is probably the most notorious source of atmospheric air pollution on a total mass basis. Under the Indian Conditions two and four wheelers have become the most popular mode of transport. In the present work catalytic converter was chosen for SI engine emission control, to reduce CO, HC and NOx emission. A catalytic converter has to be designed and introduced in the exhaust line of the SI engine. In the present work Maruthi omni engine is chosen for emission control study using an electrically heated catalytic converter. The objective of the electrically heated catalytic converter is to reduce the cold start emission of CO, HC and NOx in the exhaust gas of the engine. The catalytic converter is made of stainless steel plate. The plate is coated with copper, Nickel and Chromium catalytic materials. These emission levels will be measured using the AVL exhaust gas analyzer and the results will be analyzed.

In this paper, It examines the Face detection and recognition system using three fast CFV modules which are face skin verification module, face symmetry verification module, and eye template verification module. The three verification modules can eliminate the tilted faces, the backs of the head, and any other non-face moving objects in the video. Only the frontal face images are sent to face recognition engine. The frontal face detection reliability can be adjusted by simply setting the verification thresholds in the verification modules. Then three hybrid feature sets are applied to face recognition. Experiments demonstrated that the frontal face detection rate can be achieved as high as 95% in the low quality video images. The overall face recognition rate and reliability are increased at the same time using the proposed ensemble classifier in the system. An ensemble classifier scheme is proposed to congregate three individual Artificial Neural Network classifiers trained by the three hybrid feature sets.

This paper describes an approach for formulation of approximate, generalized field data based mathematical model (FDBM) for the process of PVC pipe manufacturing at some industries. The present work is aimed at establishing mathematical relationship between the responses and inputs at the operation of PVC pipe manufacturing process using single screw extruder. For this purpose various small scale PVC pipes manufacturing industries are visited. The operation of PVC pipe extrusion is studied. The study is focused on an extrusion line starting from its electric motor, extruder hopper, barrel, extruder screw up to the extruder die. First of all the various dependent variables in form of responses and the independent variables in the form of inputs are decided. The categorization of these variables are made in terms of pi terms viz. ?1 ?2 ?3 as independent and ?D1, ?D2, ?D3, ?D4 as dependent variables. Then the field observations are taken and accordingly data collection process is completed. After this step, an approximate, generalized field data based mathematical models are developed. This work presents an approach to check the reliability of models, which is executed by comparing error frequency graphs of various mathematical models formed. After that the influence of the various independent pi terms in the models are studied by analyzing the indices of the various pi terms. Through the technique of sensitivity analysis, the change in the value of a dependent pi term caused due to an introduced change in the value of independent individual pi term is evaluated. The ultimate objective of this work is not merely developing the mathematical models but to find out the best set of independent variables, which will result in maximization or minimization of the objective functions. This is achieved by applying the technique of optimization. Thus the objects of these models are tested to optimize the inputs required for satisfying the various responses. The comparative analysis is made of the outputs of the network with observed data and the data calculated from the mathematical models. This modeling and simulation approach enables entrepreneur of small scale PVC pipes manufacturing industries to get system wide view obtained by deliberately making local changes in their manufacturing system. They can predict its impact on performance of their machines. With the help of the models, one can find a method to improve the productivity of the industry. The results obtained from experiments are also analyzed by the development of different polynomial mathematical models and its related graphs. Recommendations with respect to improvement in the current operation are suggested and future changes are proposed.

The present investigation was to develop and characterize orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) of cinnarizine using sublimation technique. ODT of cinnarizine were prepared using different subliming agents like camphor, thymol and different concentrations of menthol using direct compression method. Compatibility study between drug and excipients was done by DSC techniques, found compatible. The porous sublimed and non sublimed granular blends were examined for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. The prepared tablets were evaluated for general appearance, content uniformity, hardness, friability, taste evaluation, mouth feel, wetting time, in vitro disintegration time, and in vitro dissolution studies. Tablets with menthol at 10.0% concentration have shown desired disintegrating features, i.e., within 20s. The dissolution study revealed that menthol at a concentration of 10.0 %W/W of the dosage form weight was able to improve the release of cinnarizine. The study concludes that sublimation technique is a useful to enhance the disintegrating and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug like Cinnarizine.

Mary Shelley, the daughter of “two persons of distinguished literary celebrity” - Mary Wollstonecraft, author of A Vindication of Rights of Man, and William Godwin, author of Caleb William – was a 19th century writer. Her first novel Frankenstein is a gothic story about the creation of a monster, produced by an unconventional and unorthodox scientific experiment. It represents the author's notions of life, humanity and the society of her own time. It is suggested that the story has hues of Mary Shelley’s own life. Much has been discussed on her feministic view in the theme of novel, but little attention has been given to the reflection of her own travels which molds the setting of the story. Mary Shelley traveled widely in her lifetime and used to keep journals and letters of her travels as a tourist; Shelley’s letters showcase her friends and family, her cares and concerns, her daily life and her life as a romantic author. The primary focus of the present study is on the elements of tourism which comprise the setting of the story and help to create the theme and atmosphere of a story in which theme and setting are interwoven and function as a character throughout the novel. This character represents the life of the author as a tourist.

The number of females appointed to leadership positions is small compared to males. This phenomenon happens not only in developing countries but also in developed nations. Various barriers are mentioned and this includes limited educational opportunities for females. However, in Malaysia, the numbers of females in institutions of higher learning far exceed the number of males in the ratio of 70:30. This paper will explore the question related to the position of female students in students’ associations in one public university. Data are obtained through document analysis, focus group interviews and in-depth interviews with students involved in associations. The questions attempted to be answered include the number of female students involved in associations; the leadership positions held; factors that motivate and prevent them from participating; and the challenges faced by them. The analysis shows that there are many female students appointed as representatives in associations but the numbers holding the positions of President are disappointing. What are the factors contributing to this situation? Further, several recommendations will be discussed to assist students in improving their leadership skills.

In the present study, the defatted successive ethyl acetate and methanol extracts from Artocarpus heterophyllus leaf were evaluated for their protective effects on paracetamol-induced liver damage in Wistar albino rats. Serum biochemical parameters viz. serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP), total protein, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides were evaluated. All biochemical findings indicated that both the test extracts exerted significant hepatoprotective efficacy against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage in rats. The methanol extract was found to be more effective than the ethyl acetate extract. Therefore, from the present study it can be concluded that A. heterophyllus leaf had remarkable hepatoprotective activity in rats.

This study involved assessment of effect of chemical weathering of bedrock on the hydrochemical character of associated shallow groundwater system in Abeokuta area, SW-Nigeria. Physico-chemical parameter revealed a mild acidic water system with pH of 5.9–6.9 while the hydrochemical analyses revealed the order of abundance of elements concentrations as Na⁺>Ca²⁺>Mg^2+>K⁺ for cations and HCO₃>Cl>SO₄>NO₃ for anions in Migmatite Gneiss (MG) compared to the concentration order of Na⁺>Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺ for cations and Cl>HCO₃>SO₄>NO₃ for anions under Porphyritic Biotite Granite (PBG) and Porphyroblastic Gneiss (PG) bedrock settings.  Further hydrochemical characterization revealed that the water samples collected around the PBG and PG were mostly of Ca-HCO₃ water type, characterized with low total dissolved solids (TDS) of 228–391mg/l while those around MG revealed Na-HCO₃ water type with TDS of about 315mg/l. A comparison of the dissolved trace elements revealed that the water samples from the three bedrock settings revealed concentrations within the limits of WHO/EU standards except for enrichment of Al and Fe with concentrations of 0.25–0.55mg/l and 0.36–0.60mg/l respectively. This is a clear indication of geogenic influence of water-rock interactions on shallow groundwater chemistry.

Steganography is skill of hiding secret messages or hiding secret images so that only the writer and the intended recipient are aware from hidden information .Steganography is an powerful technique in terms of any type of carrier which is hiding technique that develops stimulating structures to fruitfully & successfully hide information (may be a text or an image ) in color images. Digital steganography is basically about hiding a file in, or adding a file to, another file, called the carrier file, such that the carrier file is not changed enough to raise suspicion that something may be concealed within it or appended to it. The steganography scheme on hardware platform shows huge potential by means of various advantages such as high speed implanting, specific hardware dependency, and low power consumption etc. Current developments favor using digital images, carrier files as the cover file to hide another file that contains the secret information in the form of either text or image that means carrier file. Hardware stenographic modules applied in a processor platform like FPGA which offer some essential additions to the existing benefits of software based stego systems. It also offers the Embedding rate which is very high when compared to the systems in software domain. LSB method representing a high imbedding capacity.