Archives-December 

Due to the rapid development of internet, perfect copy and illegal use of digital data becomes easy, which enforces the newer mechanism to provide means of protecting all forms of digital data. The purpose of this paper is to propose a novel approach of protecting the ownership rights and resolving the dispute of unauthorized addition of second watermark on already watermarked data by the use of watermark authentication server (WAS). Watermark authentication server serves as a trusted third party and solves the problem of deadlock in watermarking.

The success of a machine learning algorithm depends on quality of data .The data given for classification, should not contain irrelevant or redundant attributes. This invariably increases the processing time. The data set, selected for classification should contain the right attributes for accurate results. Feature selection is an essential data processing step, prior to applying a learning algorithm. Here we discuss some basic feature selection models and evaluation function. Experimental results are compared for individual datasets with filter and wrapper model.

Nardostachys jatamansi DC is used by Mary to anoint Jesuss feet and mentioned Holy Quran and Bible besides evolutionary ideas in Ayurveda. The plant abounds in sesquiterpenes predominantly; jatamansone and nardostachone. The plant has demonstrated several pharmacological activities including hepatoprotective, cardio protective and hypolipidemic and antifungal. The significant effect is on the central nervous system, as diverse pharmacological actions, ranging from sedative to nootropic have been reported. Animal and clinical research with jatamansone, the active principle of the plant, has justified hypno-sedative claim of Ayurveda. The review summarizes, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations carried out on the plant.

The skin biopsy is an important diagnostic tool in dermatology because it establishes a definite diagnosis and also monitors the therapy in many systemic diseases. The microscopic features involving superficial inflammatory dermatitis are very similar, but treatment varies, hence the diagnosis of the skin biopsy requires meticulous, clinical and histopathological work up. One hundred and fifty one consecutive skin biopsy specimens where a superficial inflammatory dermatosis has been queried by Dermatologists are reviewed. The lesions of superficial inflammatory dermatosis are classified based on the integration of different morphological features into three types of tissue reactions ie. Spongiotic dermatitis, lichenoid dermatitis and psoriasiform dermatitis. Histopathological diagnosis is concluded after coorelating with clinical features, which either confirms, contributes or noncontributory to the clinical diagnosis. The study revealed that the Psoriasiform Dermatitis is the most frequently encountered about 46.0%, followed by the lichenoid Dermatitis 27.2% and Spongiotic Dermatitis 16.6%. The clinico-histopathological discrepancy between few cases like Dermatitis Herpetiformis & Prurigo Simplex, Polymorphous light eruption & Leprosy, Hypertrophied Lichen Planus & Prurigo nodularis, Mycosis Fungoides & Exfoliative Dermatosis is discussed in detail. Correlation of the histopathological diagnosis with clinical diagnosis is seen in 95.6% cases of Psoriasiform Dermatitis, 92.87% cases of Lichenoid Dermatitis and in 92.3% of cases of Spongiotic Dermatitis. The present study also contributed that the histopathological diagnosis is confirmatory, diagnostic or non-contributory in 90.6%, 4.6% and 4.8% cases respectively to the clinical diagnosis. This article thus emphasizes the importance and utility of classification of superficial inflammatory dermatosis. The data showed the distribution of the lesions in three categories was helpful in reducing the number of inconclusive biopsies.

Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis is reported for the first time from India. It is presented here with updated nomenclature, brief description, notes on distribution for better understanding.

In this present study, analysis of surface river water quality in seven locations was carried out to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of water.The sampling sites were selected on the basis of their distance, such as Scholavandan (S1), Thiruvedakam (S2), Thenur (S3), Kochadai (S4), Arappalayam (S5), Goripalayam (S6) and Teppakulam ((S7). The pH value 7.0 is considered as best and ideal. The pH is range from 7.38 to 7.87 which was the permissible limit. Total dissolved solids and Electrical conductivity were found moderate in S1 to S6 site and S7 were recorded maximum. The total hardness and alkalinity also recorded maximum in S7 site than that remains. The Calcium, Mg, and Fe were recorded maximum in S7 site rest of others were permissible limit. Free NH3 was found maximum in S5 (1.2mg/L), S6 (1.5mg/L) and S7 (2.5mg/L) site. Nitrite was observed high in S3 (1.5mg/L). Phosphate was found objectable limit in S3 (1.2mg/L) and S7 (2.0mg/L). Finally, the result was concluding that the surface running water was contaminated at few sampling sites namely S5 (Arappalayam), S6 (Goripalayam) and S7 (Teppakkulam) due to the anthropogenic activity. But the sampling sites S1, S2, S3 and S4 are recommended for use to drinking and other purpose.

This report emphasises the economic impact of four optional approaches to dealing with the Copyright Act as it relates to the issue of copyright viability and liability for Internet service providers (ISPs). The report commences by signifying the options under consideration and the important stakeholders, and then proceeds to profile the Nigeria ISP industry. The ISP industry is designated to serve consumer and business subscribers, to make provisions of broad access to both dial-up and broadband Internet access services at prices that will be classify among the lowest in the world. This report is to make provision for ecomomic analysis for propose amendments to copyright legislative in Nigeria. It is also to concentrate on the impact of these proposed reforms on the ISP industries in Nigeria, the effect on the stakeholder (e.g consumers, content producers). The problems facing content producing industries as a result of the Internet and piracy are briefly discussed, with the primary threat being the free digital distribution of copyright contents over the Internet through peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and illegal duplication of copy right contents. The number of digitally encoded music files (MP3/MP4) distributed has no definite estimation on yearly basis because there is no extent that piracy and downloads cannibalize sales do not go to. It is likely that the net effect of digital music downloads on CD sales is negative. The economic impact of each of the proposed copyright reform options is emphasised. The options as follows; the standing quo on significat economic cost to effect of law on outdated and complexity of internet services. Also on benefit clarification of legal matters and subjects ISPs to explicits condition on exemption from copyright liability. Practice of “Notice and Takedown” and “Notice and Notice” adoption to guide ISPs to work with content providers after recieving “Notice” of copyright infringement. Levying a mandatory licensing “tariff on ISPs, base on the magnitude of the tariff and its implimentation. It is recommended that the copyright be reformed to give explicit boundry on ISP copyright dependence for transmission, linking, production and detecting of copyrightd content by employing Notice and Notice or Notice and Takedown method.

The present part of the study deals with how to knowledge of IPM (Integrated Pest Management) adopting cotton cultivators in rainfed eco-systems. Under rainfed condition, among cultural practices, more than 80 per cent of respondents had how to do knowledge about applying FYM/compost and applying neem cake. Regarding mechanical practices majority (83%) of respondents had how to do knowledge of fixing light traps and 80 per cent and 74 per cent of the respondents had how to do knowledge of fixing sex pheromone and fixing yellow sticky traps. With regard to biological practices, 87 per cent of respondents had how to do knowledge of tying Trichogramma eggcards, followed by 63 per cent respondents of spraying neem oil. Among chemical practices, more than 60 per cent of respondents had how to do knowledge about applying granular insecticides.

Ten (10) brands of industrially manufactured Soft Drinks in Nigeria were randomly selected and subjected to bacteriological analysis by the pour plate count method. 1ml of each brand of the soft drinks were dispensed into different sterile Petri dishes while 12mls of molten Nutrient Agar and MacConkey Agar respectively were poured into the petri dishes at about 37oc, thoroughly mixed, allowed to set and incubated aerobically at a temperature of 37oc for 24 hours. The number of colonies was counted for viable cells per ml of the original sample. The colonies isolated from the samples include Ribena: Staph aureus 11(2.6%), E.coli 2(19%), Klebsiella pneumonia 2(3.2%); Pepsi Staph aureus 0(0%), E.coli 0(0%), Klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). Coke: Staph aureus 0(0%), E. coli 29(27.8%), klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). Schweppes: Staph aureus 57 (13.4%), E.coli 0(0%), Klebsiella pneumonia (0)0%. Lucozade boost: Staph aureus 3(0.7%), E. coli 0(0%), Klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%), Maltina: Staph aureus 48 (11.3%), E.coli 41(39.4%), klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). Sprite: Staph aureus 24 (5.6%), E.coli 32(30.7%), Klebsiella pneumonia 0)0%), orange juice: Staph aureus 0(0%), klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). Malta Guinness: Staph aureus 92 (21.7%), E. coli 0(0%) klebsiella pneumonia 61 (98.8%) Fanta: Staph aureus 189 (44.6%), E.coli 0(0%), klebsiella pneumonia 0(0%). The highest number of colonies was found in fanta while lucozade boast yielded the lowest number of colony, pepsi and orange juice, showed no growth. Staph aureus had the highest prevalence while klebsiella pneumonia yielded the lowest number of organism. It is also recommended that regulatory agencies should ensure strict adherence to established standards, manufacturers should ensure that the soft drinks must be free from contaminants, and workers should regularly be screened.

Lead is an environmental pollutant which does not only affects human but animals as well. Lead poisoning is the common cause of toxicity in cattle and advancing due to industrialisation. Lead toxicity in cows is an economic loss and also food safety issue in terms of milk, dairy products and meat. Thus, there should be a constant checking on the concentration of lead in cattle. There has, however been little research concerning lead exposure in cattle in India. The objective of this study was to detect the level of lead in cows in Bangalore, India. 15 blood samples from cows were collected in 4 different areas namely Kalenagrahara, Gottigere, Basavanapura and Kalkere in Bannerghatta and analysed using Lead Analyser(Lead Care II). Fodder and water sample were also analysed by X Ray Fluorescence and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy respectively in order to find out the possible source of lead. Blood lead levels in cows from all the 4 areas ( below 4.7 µg/dL) were within the accepted limits. Fodder and water levels of lead ranged below 45 ppm and 0.0053 ppm respectively; and all were within the accepted levels. It is thereby concluded that level of lead in cows in has not reached an alarming level and thus does not pose a threat to animals and man