Archives-December 

Digitisation had a profound effect on creation, reproduction and dissemination of works protected by copyright. Works in digital format are vulnerable to infringement, and technological protection measures are accordingly applied as protection. Technological protection measures can, however, easily be circumvented and additional legal protection against circumvention was needed. In response, law makers at both the international and national level have enacted legal provisions aimed at banning the act of circumvention of technological protection measures on the one hand and the production and dissemination of circumvention tools on the other hand. Prominent examples of such legislation, among others, are the WIPO Internet Treaties, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, and the European Information Society Directive. The recently enacted 2012 Amendments have harmonized the Indian Copyright law with WIPO Internet Treaties with respect to legal protection of technological protection measures. Against this background, this article attempts to critical analyse the existing legal framework for protection of technological measures at national and international levels. It also stresses the need for international harmonisation of copyright law for its efficient enforcement in digital environment.

Projects are defined as complex tasks, based on challenging questions or problems, that involve learners in design, problem-solving, decision making, or investigative activities; give learners the opportunity to work relatively autonomously over extended periods of time; and culminate in realistic products or presentations. Within a project-based approach, learners are usually provided with specifications for a desired end product, and the learning process is more oriented to following correct procedures. Teachers act as instructors or coaches, providing expert guidance, feedback and suggestions for better ways to achieve the final product. Past studies have shown the benefits of PBL which include intrinsically motivating learners to learn, fostering problem-solving, and developing independent and cooperative working skills. It is also believed that project based instruction allows learners to develop critical thinking and decision making skills and engage in in-depth learning of subject matter. This paper discusses the importance of Grant’s structures in a project as an Invention Project was assigned to each group of learners. The results, based on the Grant structure, have indicated that learners showed a significant improvement in the areas highlighted in the project-based activity. It is thus, a worthy action to be implemented in teaching and learning processes.

In this paper civil liability which is caused by traffic accident is studied in the view of Iranian law especially in Islamic penal law, civil liability law and compulsory insurance for vehicle owners. In this study it can be seen that Iranian law maker in Islamic penal law obey from fault theory and in compulsory insurance law they use risk theory for vehicle owners.

Table of contents for the month of October 2017

Landfilling affects soil macro-fauna, which are important in soil fertility. The effects of landfilling practices on macro-faunal abundance and diversity at Aba-Eku landfill, Ibadan, Nigeria were investigated. Dumpsite and control soils were sampled bimonthly from April-August, 2010. Macro-fauna were extracted via Tullgren funnel and classified accordingly. Shannon-Weiner and Simpson’s dominance were used for analysis. 928 macro-fauna; (605: dumpsite; 323: control) in three phyla: mollusca, arthropoda and annelida were observed. On the dumpsite, this comprised ten orders; with molluscan order Stylommatophora (51.7%) dominating vegetated portions of the dumpsite. The remainder were arthropod orders; including isoptera (14.7%), isopoda (8.1%) and coleoptera (7.9%). Thirteen families including Porcellionidae (8.1%) were also observed. Some organisms observed on the dump site included Porcellio scaber (8.1%) and Aspavia armigera (2%). Arthropods (77.1%) dominated the control. Ten orders including coleoptera (21.98%) and isoptera (19.2%) were observed. This comprised ten families including the Iulidae (15.2%). The dumpsite (2.174) showed a higher diversity than control (1.645); while the control had higher dominance (0.84) than the dumpsite (0.593). Molluscsan dominance suggests tolerance to heavy metal contamination from metal wastes disposed. Coleopteran dominance on the control may be associated with the presence of the grasses - Tridax procumbens and Panicum maximum.

New heterogeneous and catalytic systems were obtained and their activities were further studied to ensure process of a demercaptanization (mercaptan removal) of oil and oil products. Kinetic regularities of a process were researched. The kinetic model and the mechanism of a demercaptanization of an ethyl mercaptan as a model reaction with participation of organic ligand catalyst deposited on clinoptilolite So-Fe, Mn-Fe is suggested by this study.

In a wireless network, one of the major problem is optimization. Optimization problem is finding the best path from all possible paths. This paper proposes a new architecture called Mixed Layer Design to avoid this problem. Even after providing faster transmission of data we are still facing a problem called throughput in wireless network. This problem is due to the interference of wireless signals. In a wireless network, the signal sent by a terminal will be received by all its neighbouring nodes. If a neighbour (except the destinations) is receiving data from some other terminals at the same time, the signals will collide, and the useful signal will be destroyed, which may result in transmission failure. To solve this problem we are proposing Mixed Signals to avoid the collision of signals. We show that intelligently mixing signals and layers increases network throughput and transmission time.

Over population created sudden rise in energy demand, as a result of which the depletion of fossil fuels has started. In aspect to meet the energy crisis renewable energies in all forms are available in abundance on the earth. Modern era paved a way for the Plant Biomass to satisfy the needs. Major out- come of this project is “Production of Green Energies through Physico-chemical process, biological fermentation process and thermo-chemical process which results in obtaining liquid, gaseous and solid fuel. This project emphasize on the scrubbing of the pollutants like CO2, Soot particles emitted during combustion of fossil fuels and green fuels using the Activated Carbon which is obtained as a by-product of the end process. In this project a scrubber is designed; fabricated and it is filled with the catalyzed activated carbon in different proportions. Carbon adsorbing capacity is tested. The result of the project is plotted as graph and discussed. The efficiency of scrubber over various gas parameters was estimated. This enhances net Carbon emission and Carbon footprint maintenance by waste harvesting and energy conversion process for sustainable future.

In this work a new integral transform, namely Tarig transform was applied to solve linear system of partial differential equations with constant coefficients. We derive the formulate for Tarig transform of partial derivatives and apply them to solve initial value problems. Our purpose here is to show the applicability of this interesting new transform and its effecting to solve such problems.

Air pollution is one of the serious environmental problem now-a-days, particularly in urban areas of all over the world. Pollution of air is broadly due to particulate matter dispersed in it or gaseous pollutant like CO, NOx, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), completely miscible with it in various proportions. PAHs are one of the carcinogenic compound observed in environment due to automobile exaust and other sources. In this work PAHs samplings were done by collection of particulate matter (PM) with the help of cascade impactor. Cascade impactor collect the respirable PM. The effect of these particulate matters were also observed on the basis of size of PM. For this purpose three sampling sites were selected at various petrol pump of Hissar city. Both indoor and outddor sampling were done for this . PAHs analysis were done with the help of high pressure liquid chromatography.