Archives-December 

Generally the soil quality improvements through stabilization include better soil gradation, reduction of plasticity index or swelling potential, and increases in durability and in strength. The tensile strength and stiffness of a soil layer can be improved through the use of additives and thereby permit a reduction in the thickness of the stabilized layer and overlying layers within the pavement system. According to Sherwood (1995) and Little (1999), lime stabilization can be used to either modify or stabilize clays. The strength of lime mixture depends to a great extent on the quantity of lime added above lime fixation point. (i.e. it changes the Plasticity Index of soil). In this experiment Indian A-7a type black cotton sol is used. In this paper soil subgrade characteristics are determined by using 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, lime ( by weight of soil) stabilization techniques & a graphical representation is made % of stabilization Vs PI values. So gradually PI value of soil decreases. But some time in the field plasticity of soil, especially black cotton soil changes very rapidly in this case the advantage of this graph is one can easily get some rough idea about changes soil characteristics due to applications of lime stabilization, when the soil becomes highly plastic to non plastic. Finally a semi empirical formula is made to get an idea about Plastic Index value of A-7a type black cotton soil (As per Highway Research Board of India) due to application of lime stabilization within range of 0 to 12% of lime by weight of soil. This paper also help full to determine how the subgrade strength varies with lime stabilization.

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia are often undiagnosed, and can be discovered in case of complications such as obstruction.We reported a case of delayed presentation of post traumatic diaphragmatic rupture with herniation and strangulation of stomach, transverse colon, and the jejunum of a 52-year-old patient who had a fracture of acetabulum six month back following road traffic accident. The diagnosis was suspected based on the clinical features of obstruction and air- filled viscera in the left hemithorax. Diagnosis was confirmed by an abdominal and thoracic computerized tomography (CT) scan.Exploratory laparotomy revealed a diaphragmatic rupture with strangulation of the stomach, transverse colon and the jejunum. The treatment consisted of the reduction of the herniated organs and closure of the diaphragmatic defect.

The main thrust of the paper could be brought down to the thesis that the concept of middle class is an oxymoron. This is the case because there is a contradiction between the associations pertaining to the adjective part of the term in question and those pertinent to its noun part. "The middle" is a hierarchical term, which fits social stratification rather than class, as class relations generally have a more complex character. The said confusion matters because of some important weaknesses of stratification approaches.

The effect of environmental variables on the species composition and abundance of Phytoplankton was studied in Lake Chad for a period of 12 months in 2013. Five stations with varying anthropogenic activiteis across the Lake were sampled. A total of 33 phytoplankton species belonging to six taxonomic families were identified. Chlorophyceae family was the most abundant (32%) and Chrysophyceae being the least (9%). Numbers of species and individuals were both significantly reduced during the dry season of March to May and it corresponds to reduced water level. Phytoplankton numbers varied from 1.1x10²org/ l to 5.3x10²org/l with the highest density noted in the raininy season. Statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between seasons were discovered in the case of number of taxa and density. In terms of abundance by station, station 3 had the highest number of species (30) which was significantly different at P<0.05 from all other stations. The mean temperature value ranged from 26.8± 0.23 ?(Station 1) to 30.3±1.8 (Station 4). The highest mean depth of 8.5±0.74m was recorded by Station 3 with station 5 recording the least (4.5±0.1m). Station 4 was the most turbid (56±3.5NTU) and station 1 the least 43.3±1.2 NTU). The pH value was acidic for all stations wh?le Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) was very significantly higher P<0.05 in station 2 (80±0.56) while lowest value of 23±0.78mg/l was recorded in station 5. The Shannon Weiner and Margalef diversity index revealed that station 3 had the biggest diversity (1.681)(6.675) while station 1 recorded the least (0.695)(3.001) in both richness and eveness respectively. Considering the importance of phytoplanktons in the trophic function and health of water bodies, regular assessment of their status should be done regularly especially in areas with threats of anthropogenic perturbations.

The effects of annealing on the structural, morphological and optical band gap of chemically deposited cadmium selenide (CdSe) thin films have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that both the as-deposited and annealed CdSe thin films had three major peaks corresponding to the cubic structure of CdSe with a preferred orientation along the (111) plane. After annealing, the intensity of the major peaks became more pronounced and a new low intensity peak was observed. There was also a slight shift in peak positions towards smaller 2? angles. The average crystallite size increased after annealing whereas the microstrain and dislocation density decreased. The SEM micrographs of the annealed thin film showed a slight improvement in crystallinity and uniformly distributed all over the surface of the substrate without voids. The optical energy band gap of the thin films decreased from 1.86 eV to 1.74 eV after annealing.

Despite innovation absorbing real and substantial costs, the available literature tends to focus heavily on training and education, and has primarily been concerned with measuring the inputs, process and immediate outcomes rather than the longer term impact of innovation. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge no study had ever been conducted to investigate the effects of innovation strategies on growth of Microfinance Banks in Kenya. This research focused on Faulu Micro Finance Bank Branches in coast region; the general objective of this study was assessing the effects of organizational innovation on the growth of Microfinance Institutions in Kenya with specific focus of Faulu Microfinance Bank in coast region. Specifically, the study was assessing the effects of product innovation, market innovation, process innovation and service innovation on the growth of Microfinance Institutions in Kenya with specific focus of Faulu Microfinance Bank in Coast region. This research was studied through the use of a survey research design. The target population of this study was 96 staff working in Faulu Microfinance Bank in coast region with a sample size of 77 employees. These study utilized questionnaires which were dropped physically to the respondents’ place of work and stratified random sampling was used to get the sample. The descriptive statistical tools such as SPSS were used to help the researcher to describe the data and determine the extent to use. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether variables predict a given dependent variable. Tables were used to summarize responses for further analysis and facilitate comparison. This study investigated whether innovations adopted by Faulu Microfinance Bank branches in Coast Region lead to growth of Micro Finance Bank.

Scalar Energy proposes getting energy from nothing-energy from vacuum. It is also called zero point energy. Scalar energy was discovered in the 19th century theoretically and practically. However its uses towards the organism body have only come to existence over the past few years. Scalar energy not only protects the body from the effect of harmful radiation, but it also enhances the body's energy level of each cell, bio electric field and may stop the spread of harmful all diseases. It can help to harmonize organism body’s life-force by absorbing heat energy and transforming it into bio-energy which helps your body’s metabolic functions achieve holistic wellness, in other words it helps to balance overall body functions. Wear it as a volcanic stone around your neck or carry it in your pocket. The scalar energy from the Quantum scalar stone works outwardly and within the body. Outwardly scalar energy enhances the body’s bio-field, this helps to repel negative energies such as EMFs. Inwardly it works to facilitate cell permeability and thereby enhances the many physiological functions of the cells in the body; this can be witnessed by live blood cell microscopy tests. In the present investigation it is proved that increased the biochemical protein and glycogen content of fish, if the fish treated with scalar energy for about 21 days.

In the dynamic business environment, organizations have implemented Enterprise Resource Planning system solutions to gain competitive advantage and fasten service delivery for value realization. Despite their benefits, ERP solutions have not been fully embraced by SACCOs, and those that have implemented the ERPs are not able to justify the benefits of the investment. Therefore the purpose of the study was to establish the value realizations for SACCO’s after the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning solutions, Nairobi region. Specific objective included: to establish the levels of ERP implementation and the value realized by SACCOs through ERP implementation. The researcher administered the questionnaires to the respondents randomly on a drop and pick basis. The data collected was expected to give both quantitative and qualitative results and it was analyzed using descriptive and regression model. It was found out that there was a strong relationship between the implementation level and the benefits of the ERP systems to SACCOs. The findings recommended that ERP systems should be implemented for customer relationship management; education, training and mentorship; monitoring and evaluation; and for research and development and for these reason, SACCOs should invest in the ERP systems.

Environmental pollution control using Wetlands for poverty alleviation research was conducted in Nachingwea District at latitude 10° 30' S and Longitude 38° 20' E. The general objective examined the use of wetlands for environmental pollution control and poverty alleviation for Sustainable Development. Specificaly (i)To identify types of wetlands environment at Nachingwea in Tanzania.(ii)To examine the contributions of wetlands in environmental pollution control and poverty alleviation. The research hypotheses:Null (Ho) and the alternative (Ha) hypotheses at a significant level of 0.05. Ho: Wetlands in Rural and Urban localities contribute significantly in environmental pollution control and poverty alleviation. for Sustainable Development. Ha: Wetlands in Rural and Urban localities do not contribute significantly in environmental pollution control and poverty alleviation. Quantitative and qualitative methods were employed. Data collection involved observation, questionnaire, interview and documentary review. Random sampling was used to identify people from each village for the administration of questionnaires and the interview. Data analysis utilised Excel (2007) to construct percentage Tables and online ICT facilities. Results revealed Nachingwea District wetlands for poverty alleviation were in rural localities while for environmental pollution controls were in urban. The results indicated wetlands contribute significantly in environmental pollution control and poverty alleviation. These are through agricultural and mining activities which create employment by food and cash-crops production and livestock for increasing income to alleviate poverty. Aesthetics for tourism, hoabouring migratory birds, fishing and other activities create jobs. It is recommended that the utilization and management of wetlands for production purposes should be considered by the community, policy makers and researchers. This is a strategy in the environmental conservation as a significant area of environmental pollution control and poverty alleviation for Sustainable Development.

A substantial part of Nigeria is part of semi-arid areas of the world, underlain by basement complex (hard) rocks which are very poor in both transmission and storage of appreciable quantity of water. Recently, a growing attention is being paid on the need to develop water resources in these areas largely due to concerns about increasing droughts and the need to maintain water security challenges. While there is ample body of knowledge that captures the hydrological behaviours of the sedimentary part, reported research which unambiguously illustrates water distribution in the basement complex of the Sokoto basin remains sparse. Considering the growing need to meet the water requirements of those living in this region necessitated the call for accurate water balance estimations that can inform a sustainable planning and development to address water security challenges for the area. To meet this task, a one-dimensional soil water balance model was developed and utilised to assess the state of water distribution within the Sokoto basin basement complex using measured meteorological variables and information about different landscapes within the complex. The model simulated the soil water storage and rates of input and output of water in response to climate and irrigation where applicable using data from 2001 to 2010 inclusive. The results revealed areas within the Sokoto basin basement complex that are rich and deficient in groundwater resource. The high potential areas identified includes the fadama, the fractured rocks and the cultivated lands, while the low potential areas are the sealed surfaces and non-fractured rocks. This study concludes that the modelling approach is a useful tool for assessing the hydrological behaviour and for better understanding the water resource availability within a basement complex.