Archives-December  

This study was designed to establish the project based factors influencing the supply of safe water in Kenya with Mombasa County as a case study. The Government and private organizations have established many water projects but most of them have been characterized with low levels of sustainability. Some of them have become un-operational requiring rehabilitation. Inspite of the existing projects, the water supply is still inadequate. To address the problem, this study identified four specific objectives, namely; to establish the influence of project planning on the supply of safe water, to establish the influence of project risk management on the supply of safe water, to determine the effect of project quality control management on the supply of safe water and to determine the effect of project monitoring and evaluation on the supply of safe water. The hypotheses used were geared towards establishing the influence of water projects? planning, risk management, quality management and monitoring & evaluation, on the supply of safe water. All the variables are interrelated. Project planning includes plans in all the project knowledge areas such as quality and risk management which touch on all deliverables and processes. M&E is also done on deliverables and processes, in reference to the agreement made during project planning. The study sought to assist the national and county governments in the sustained provision of safe water. The theories of sustainability, participation and project management were analyzed in relation to the supply of safe water. The participation theory discussed the unity of the beneficiaries for the sake of water projects. Sustainability theory discussed the long term water benefits. Whereas, the project management theory put emphasis on the water projects? processes.

Radon is one of the most important radioactive elements which are released by natural decay of available uranium and radium in the ground. The presence of the gas is common in various drinking water sources. As a way of prevention, we have measured the activities of radon for sixty-four (64) drinking water samples collected from boreholes and hand-dug wells. This study was conducted during the dry season (December-January) of 2016. The samples were collected from sixty-four (64) water sources (boreholes and hand-dug wells). The concentration of radon was evaluated using solid state nuclear track detector LR-115 type II, with an active layer of 12 ?m on a 100 ?m clear base. The minimum radon concentration in the water sources was 30.17 Bq/m3 (hand-dug well) and the maximum amount was calculated as 115.33 Bq/m3(borehole). Based on the results, radon concentration of the drinking water sources was below the permitted levels of EPA and WHO guidelines. These activities do not present any health risk to the community.

Tax is a compulsory levy on individual or organisation by the government as a statutory obligation. The classical function of the tax system is the raising of revenue to meet government expenditures. Exempt income is an income liable to be taxed by law but expressly excluded by another provision of the law. Tax exemption refers to a monetary exemption which reduces taxable income. Tax exemptions are granted specifically to specialized companies, religious, charitable, or non-governmental organisations and so on in relation to income derived by them. Basically, these organisations enjoy favourable tax treatments because of their exempt status. Though, tax exemption has been criticized as a subsidy granted by legislative grace to these organisations performing services that the government would have to perform and that such a subsidy relieves the exempt organisation of tax obligations that other tax payers are often obliged to assume. However, be that as it may, the objective of this paper is to critically re-appraise the tax exemptions granted to these organisations and buttress that the tax exemption granted them do not extend to where they derive income from trade or any other business carried out by them.

Reading is a valuable source of input and plays a major role in the process of language learning. It helps learners gain information, broadens their understanding of different subjects, and thus assists them in achieving their academic goals (Renandya & Jacobs, 2002). One of the main methods to enhance easy, joyful and active reading is through the utilization of reading strategies. The present article is a synthesis and review of the most recent studies in the field of reading strategies in Iran.

This review presents a recent advance in natural antimicrobial food packaging. this packaging has emerged as a promising solution to improve food safety and extend shelf life decreases the carbon foot print while meeting consumer demand for sustainable packaging materials. The main tendency in package evolution is the switch from wasteful, polluting plastic to edible, biodegradable, film packaging that is antimicrobial active. This review comprehensively reviews recent research advances trends of polysaccharide-based materials in edible packaging addition of various components from natural agents (bacteriocins, essential oils, and natural extracts) to synthetic agents, organic.

Abdollahi, Akbari, and Maimani put forward a conjecture named AAM's Conjecture as follows. If is a finite nonabelian simple group and is a group such that, then .In this note, we prove that if is a finite nonabelian simple group with, then ,where is the alternating group of degree 16.

Impulse noise is the major factor that affects the image during signal acquisition and transmission. Here an efficient simple edge preserving denoising technique is used to remove the impulse noise. To avoid the possible misdetection this technique does not affect the noise free pixel. It uses different directional edges to preserve the edge information. The experimental result shows excellent performances in terms of quantitative evaluation and visual quality. The design cost is also low because it needs only two line memory buffer and less computational complexity.

Heavy metals may be harmful to humans through ingestion of medicinal plants containing metals through atmospheric pollution, pesticides and chemical fertilizers root uptake, ingestion of plants splashed with contaminated soil. Metals of concern are arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb). Removal of the heavy metal ions from contaminated medicinal plants Indigofera tinctoria and Acalypha indica by adsorption technique. It is the best, economically viable and efficient method. It, therefore, becomes necessary to remove these heavy metals from medicinal plants by an appropriate treatment before consuming.

Staphylococcus aureus was recognized as a major cause of nosocomial infections worldwide and a variety of skin infections which require therapeutic approaches. During the last five decades, Staphylococcus aureus clones that resist methicillin (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) disseminated and caused medical and public health problem worldwide 250 clinical isolates collected from Omdurman, Khartoum and Soba hospitals from different sources (blood, urine, pus, diabetic sepsis swab and tip of the catheter), cultured and isolated in pure culture and subjected to microscopical examination by the Gram reaction and biochemical tests to identify them as pure Staphylococcus aureus, then subjected to sensitivity tests by disc diffusion method against commonly used antibiotics in order to determine the sensitivity and resistance patterns against penicillin, co-amoxyclav, oxacillin, fusidic acid ,cefuroxime,vancomycin, cotrimoxazole, rifampicin, gentamicin, clindamycin, meropenem and chloramphenicol. 110 of the pure clinical isolates were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which were mannitol non-fermenters and resistant to number of antibiotics and the prevalence of it may increase the emergence of glycopeptide (vancomycin and teicoplanin) resistant strains. The study revealed there were many antibiotics effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and can be used by the clinicians as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of infections caused by these strains.

WSNs are the widely used for the process of sensing and transmitting the data of any environment based on the application and they are mainly employed for the real-time applications. In the real-time applications, the WSNs are advantageous but the efficiency and the system performance are degraded because of the phenomenon termed as congestion. The occurrence of congestion affects the life-time of the nodes resulting in the poor throughput of the network. Thus, in order to enable effective transmission and to enhance the throughput of the network, an efficient congestion control method is required. Accordingly, the literatures present various approaches for the controlling the congestion that occurs in the network and it is very clear that the accuracy of the control mechanism is the outstanding issue at present. Therefore, the need for an effective congestion management system arises that outperforms the current approaches in terms of accuracy, congestion rate, and the packet drop rate. Thus, this review article presents the detailed review of 17 research papers that present the recommendation approaches based on neural networks, fuzzy-logic model, hybrid method, and learning-based models. Additionally, the detailed discussion of the survey taxonomy in terms of the simulation tools and performance metrics are clearly reviewed and analyzed. The research issues of various conventional methods are presented in the literature section along with the description of the methods that promote the researchers towards a better contribution of the congestion control mechanism.