Archives-December  

Worldwide, English is being recognized as a world language. Thus, the need for learning this language keeps being one of the major requirements expected from learners at all levels of study. Many people believe that the earlier children start learning it, the better they will perform. As such, there has been a growing push to introduce this language to children in primary school classrooms. The underlying assumption, held by many, is that learners will be more successful if they begin studying English at an early age. As it is the case in many countries where early start to English language teaching and learning has become a phenomenon over the past decades with a high enthusiasm for ‘the younger the better’, Tunisia is no exception in this regard. In fact, the process of promoting English has always been undeniable, resulting in its introduction as a second, additional or sometimes distinctively foreign language with an ultimate goal of gaining wider access to science, technology and global trade. The present paper sets out to clarify the situation of teaching English to young learners in Tunisian primary schools as one manifestation of a whole strategy of reform and innovation targeting the educational system in Tunisia, and to explore some pedagogical concerns associated with this experience in terms of teachers’ professional qualifications necessary to meet the requirements of the reforms.

This paper presents the predicament of two generations of the immigrants in the novel The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri. It portrays how in the immigration and collision of cultures struggle comes out for the motherhood. It explores various problems in the identity building for the first and the second generations of the immigrants.

Among the different strategies for teaching reading comprehension, graphic organizers have received much attention by many researchers and practitioners. This study investigated the effects of graphic organizers on Iranian EFL learners’ reading comprehension. Fifty male 3rd-year high school EFL learners were selected by means of the TOEFL test. They were divided into 2 groups of 25 homogeneous students: one experimental group and one control group. Participants were given a reading comprehension test before the treatment. Subsequently, the experimental group—Group A—received the graphic organizers intervention, and the control group—Group B—received a traditional reading instruction (translation-based). After an eight-week treatment, both groups were given the reading comprehension test again as a posttest. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the reading comprehension of the experimental group. It was concluded that the use of graphic organizers had positive effects on the L2 learners’ reading comprehension.

Everything in this universe is perpetually in a state of change. In fact, we live in fluctuating world, nothing stays still. Language like everything else joins in this general flux. These changes may occur in all aspects of a language: in pronunciation, in syntax and in lexicon. Of these three areas lexical changes are the most noticeable and may be observed almost daily. An important type of lexical change in any language is lexical borrowing. This research intended to investigate whether these new substitute words have been accepted by educated people or not. The research also intended to see whether there is any difference among students of Persian, English and Arabic literature in their familiarity with and use of these new words or not. In so doing, three groups of educated students at the university of Isfahan participated in the study. Each group consisted of 30 male students, studying English, Persian, and Arabic literature. A list of 163 substituted words for the borrowed foreign words presented to them. They were asked to mark the word which they use more frequently in spoken and written form of language to see which form, the borrowed form or the substituted form, is used more frequently and also by which group. The results show that the borrowed words are used more frequently than substituted words by all of the three groups. It is suggested that the language planners include the substitute words in high school books to get more fruitful results and we hope it finds its place among our people very soon!

This study investigated the employee retention dependency on predictor variables like training program, incentive programme, co-worker social support, working hours and union representation. For this purpose data have collected from individuals in four banks and government employee who are living in government colonies in Pakistan. Total population was approximately 550 and sample size 226 has been used for collecting data. The regression test is used to check dependency of employee retention on predictor variables. the result of the study indicate that employee retention depend more on incentive program, union representation, co worker social support, and less on working hours and supervisory program. However incentive program is more significant predictor variable for employee retention than other variable.

Security challenges have remained a worried concern, as the activities of political thuggery in a form of violence becoming rampant in most societies of Nigeria. The utilization of thuggery in the process of attaining and preservation of political power has become a fashion to most of the politicians. This study tends to examine the implications of political thuggery in Bauchi, Nigeria. Hence, the qualitative method was used to collect data. The study reveals, through the use of thuggery, insurgency, small arms proliferation, violence and incompetent leaders emerge in the society. Eradication of poverty and education programs should be given due attention by the government.

The apparent and thermodynamic parameters (pKa, pKb, Ka, Kb) are among the most common used physical parameters and their determinations are of interest to a broad range of research. It is apparent that hypersaline hydrochemical environment in concentrated salt lake brines has a profound modifying influence on parameters such as Ka, pKa's and buffer capacities. This study presents chemical parameters (Ka, pKa and buffer capacities) at typical high ionic strength salt lake brines, which were evaluated at 25 oC and have revealed both pKa1 and pKa2 to decrease as ionic strength of the solution increases. The apparent dissociation constant Ka for HF is increasing as the ionic strength increases and thermodynamic Ka = 7.46 x 10-4 found is in good agreement with the values reported in the literature. The phosphate buffer capacity in the target Rift Valley Salt Lake systems is observed to exceed that of pure water by a factor of 36 to 1000.

Access to financial markets and how the market's way of financing is, is one of the most important factors that Specifies how Access Company to cash and level of it. Countries where the financial sector depth is less, It does not allocate resources efficiently between the needs and Sometimes in these countries are faced with the problem of unavailability of appropriate financial instruments thus in which case they shall not gather enough resources. This study examines the relationship between trade credit payable and receivable with cash holding In view of the financial depth. The population of the study includes all Tehran Stock Exchange member firms after certain conditions are imposed. sampling was undertaken and Finally, during the period 2006 to 2013,127 companies were selected.The methodology of research is descripitive. Evaluate the research hypotheses through regression analysis with the use of synthetic data has been carried out. Also we use a number of control variables. These variables consist of Size, Liquid, Leverage, Debt, M/B, Cash flow. The results show no relationship between trade credit payable and receivable with cash holding in view of the financial depth. Also test the hypotheses in a single regression model did not change the results.

To examine the relationship between time management with staff and manager burnout in the Department of Youth and Sports in Alborz province. For this purpose using descriptive – correlation method 171 people from the staff and managers in the Departments of Youth and Sports in Alborz province were investigated and questionnaires were distributed among them, from among whom 150 people perfectly completed and returned the questionnaires. To gather data, standardized questionnaire of Makan time management and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were used. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used, which consisted of Pearson correlation test, simple regression, Multivariate regression and independent t-test. The findings from the results showed that the three dimensions of job burnout among the staff in the Department of Youth And Sports in Alborz province were low and their job burnout could be ranked as low. It was also found that only two subscales of operational planning and prioritization of objectives and activities had a significant negative relationship with job burnout. The regression analysis also showed that time management subscales explain 37% of the burnout changes. Inverse significant relationship only exists between the feeling of lack of personal efficiency with time management while no significant relationship was observed between emotional atrophy and de-characterization with time management and that managers suffered less job burnout compared with other staff.

Jihadism is a type of Islamists movements that in addition to belief in following the principles of Islam, has especial emphasis on Jihad (sacred war) as one of the basis of Islam. The origin of this movement in general, is Egypt, andin particular, Muslim Brotherhood organization (Ikhvan ul-Muslemin). In second half of twentieth century due to factors like torture and prison, identity crisis, 1967 defeat from Israel and intense class differences and closed political space, groups with extremist attitudes and equipped with ideas of extremist theorists like Sayyed Qotb, have been separated from the Muslim Brotherhood and by accepting members from youth, students and others, they have created organizations that their main purpose is armed struggle with government and overthrowing it in order to establish an Islamic government. These organizations that their most popular ones are Al-Takfir Va Al-Hejreh, Army Technical Academy and Al-Jihad, soon began armed struggles with Egypt government.