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We are very happy to announce that from 20th February 2012, Dr.Vivek S. Dave Ph.D., has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Pharmaceutical Development. Dr.Vivek S. Dave is currently working as a Research Scientist at Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, USA. The appointment of Dr.Vivek S. Dave as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Economic empowerment of women precedes all other empowerment and in order to understand how SHG have enabled women economic empowerment, the present study was taken up in four villages of Dharwad taluk, Dharwad district of Karnataka state. One hundred and fifty nine SHGs were selected for the study. The study revealed that 184 women have taken up individual income generation activities and most of them in the young and middle age categories, had some formal education and were either home makers or involved occasionally in farming. Group income generation activities were taken up by 29 groups. The entrepreneurial activities varied from business/ trading, food and agriculture related to others like candle, agarbatti, flour mill, chilli pounding unit etc. Among individual activities chilli pounding unit earned the highest income of Rs. 40,000/ year followed by vermicelli making with an average Rs. 20,294/ year. Among group activities vermicelli earned highest income of Rs 40,000-50,000 followed by poultry with Rs. 30,000-40,000.

The level of poverty in the developing countries of the world is becoming increasingly alarming given the figures consistently reported for the area. This study examined the effect of agricultural cooperatives as a means of alleviating poverty among farmers in Iwo Local Government Area of Osun state. A total of 100 questionnaires were administered out of which 90 were retrieved. 57 of the respondents were participants of cooperatives while 33 of them were non participants. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics, Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) and probit regression models. It was discovered that poverty exists among all categories of farmers (participants and non-participants of cooperatives). Though, non participants of cooperatives had the highest poverty incidence, depth and severity of 0.47, 0.17 and 0.56 respectively. The analysis of socio-economic characteristics showed that age, educational status, household size, farm size and land acquisition have relationship with incidence of poverty among participants of cooperatives and non-participants. Income and farm size significantly and positively influence the effectiveness of cooperatives on household poverty status at 0.05 and 0.01 level of significance respectively. The study therefore recommends that the farmers should engage themselves in other income generating activities to have a higher purchasing power in order for them to break out of poverty.

An experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki to study effect of integrated nutrient management on some soil selected physical properties and grain yield of maize. The field was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design. There were five treatments namely poultry droppings mixed with burnt rice husk dust (PBRHD), cow dung mixed with unburnt rice husk dust (CURHD), goat dung mixed with saw dust (GSD) and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer and control replicated four times. The data obtained from the study were subjected to Statistical Analysis System for Agriculture. The result showed that poultry droppings mixed with burnt rice husk dust (PBRHD), cow dung mixed with unburnt rice husk dust (CURHD), goat dung mixed with sawdust (GSD) and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer had significantly (P<0.05) higher effect on total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, gravimetric moisture content (GMC) relative to control. The amendment of PBRHD showed significant (P<0.05) effect on hydraulic conductivity, gravimetric moisture content (GMC) and water retention (WR) when compared with control and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer treatment. Significantly (P<0.05) lower dispersion ratio was obtained under PBRHD amended plots relative to control and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer treatment. Furthermore, CURHD and GSD significantly (P<0.05) increased water retention relative to control and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer application. Total porosity, hydraulic conductivity, gravimetric moisture content and dispersion ratio were higher by 6, 13, 87 and 64% in PBRHD amended plots when compared with NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer amended plots. The texture remained sandy clay loam after cropping. There was significantly (P<0.05) higher effect of PBRHD amendment on grain yield of maize compared to control and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer treated plots. This was 22 and 20% increments of grain yield of maize in plots amended with PBRHD relative to control and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer treatment. Generally, the integrated nutrient management improved soil physical properties and grain yield of maize more than control and NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer treatment. The order of improvement is PBRHD>CURHD>GSD>NPK 20:10:10 fertilizer>C. Integrated nutrient management could be recommended for soil management and sustainable productivity in Abakaliki agro-ecosystem of Nigeria.

Wheat is the most important crops in Iran and study to reduce losses and costs related to this product are essential. Wheat like any other crop, have losses during harvest and trying to reduce losses in all the time is justifiable. Yet Combine John Deere 955 for harvesting operations is most used combines in Iran and study in order to reduce losses this combine is important. The aims of this study are assess these factors: combine forward speed, Grain moisture content (%, w.b.) and yield per hectare on combine losses John Deere 955 in Ahvaz city (Khuzestan province). One of the ways that reduces losses of combines is mathematical models based on survey and measurement of factors affecting on different combine losses. In order to perform this research was surveyed 28 combines in at different points of Ahvaz city and was calculated cutting platform, back combine, plots and natural losses. In this study, parameters such as combine forward speed, Grain moisture content (%, w.b.) and yield per hectare were considered as independent variables and cutting platform and back combine losses as dependent variables. To express the mathematical relationship between the dependent and independent variables was used multivariate regression test. Results of regression analysis of variance showed there is significant relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables. Finally was estimated most appropriate models to cutting platform losses (CPL) and back combine losses (BCL).

This work presents the quantum chemical calculations and spectral techniques of 4, 5- Diphenylimidazole (DPI). The spectroscopic properties were investigated by FT-IR and FT-Raman. The FT-IR spectrum (4000–400 cm?1) and FT-Raman spectrum (3500–100 cm?1) in solid phase was recorded for DPI. The optimised geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies have been investigated by DFT/B3LYP method with 6-31G (d) and 6-311G (d, p) basis sets. The difference between the observed and scaled wave number values of most of the fundamental is very small. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. HOMO and LOMO energies were measured. The electric dipole moment (?D) and first hyperpolarizability (?tot) values of the investigated molecule were computed using ab initio quantum mechanical calculations. The calculated results also show that the DPI molecule may have microscopic nonlinear optics (NLO) behavior. Finally molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) also performed.

The world system is inclined to redistribution of capabilities within the international, state or even the individual levels, especially, in the aftermath of major events that necessarily alter the status quo. Power is fungible especially in the international system, so the US decline as a super power economically can be translated into a decline in other forms of power especially military might. Therefore, the claim that the US is becoming the first among equals becomes more realistic. The World system is witnessing the emergence of powers aiming at rearrangement of the world system into a multipolar framework, it is not possible for the United States to unilaterally exercise the world political decision as in the aftermath of the end of the cold war and the absence of the Soviet Union from the scene. The big powers have high political weight that cannot be ignored, surpassed, especially the "BRICS" group

Middle East has been the major special area for the three major monotheistic religions for its religiously geopolitical aspect. Apart from this, the emergence of the old prophets at this area and being a cradle for the first civilizations made the place more important. During 20th century this area is like a new homeland for the Jewish people who faced with great oppressions as it was before. The foundation of Israel after the World War II in this area, Arab people especially Palestinians began to feel the heat from it. After this, we will witness many movements that will protect Palestine from Israel. One the most important of these movements is the Al-Fath Organisation. Although its main motto is the independence of Palestine, by getting affected from the scholars who affected the Arab world a lot, they decided to both adapt a new position and got into political fights with other rival organisations. Therefore, their effect on both politics and Middle East increased considerably. Among all the ideologies and the changing conditions of history, Al-Fath tried to express its own ideals.

Goods and Service Tax (herein after referred as ‘GST’) is a new revelation that is soon to make its appearance in Indian Indirect Tax Regime. The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value added tax to be implemented in India, the decision on which is pending. GST is the only indirect tax that directly affects all sectors and sections of our economy. Goods and Services Tax -- GST -- is a comprehensive tax levy on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services at a national level. In this paper we try to attempt to get detailed knowledge about GST , the reasons of introducing GST, know the challenges and threats in imposing GST, see the current status of GST in India, opportunities it will provide to economy, industry exporter, company and government and Shortcomings of GST. The analysis shows that GST is a necessary condition if the country has to go back to double digit GDP growth. GST is a better approach of charging tax on goods & service as problem which is present in the current indirect tax system can be avoided by adopting GST.IT is likely to improve tax collections and boost India’s economic development by breaking tax barriers between States and integrating India through a uniform tax rate. GST is an improvement over VAT & service tax but it is also having some flaws.

Manmade disasters wrap an ample range of events produced largely due to negligence, accidents, or sometimes even by human design and its errors. These also include the threats of nuclear, biological and chemical disasters. This emphasized the regular check and modification in current scientific solutions and to promote the quest of ‘Go Green’. Water source can be used for pioneering scientific solutions at laboratory level and to resolve the scientific & environmental issue. It is in abundant source on earth and versatile in nature to behave as a communicator for various chemical/biological reactions. This solvent is best green solvent for various chemical and biological processes the utility ad its superiority over others have been investigated and evaluated.