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This study examines Persian address terms within the theory of politeness in the three distinct historical periods of Qajar (1791-1925), Pahlavi (1926-1979) and after the Islamic Revolution (1979 -up to now). Data was collected from 24 novels to best reflect various interpersonal relationships. Data analysis shows that Persian address terms are clearly divided into positive and negative types. All types of positive address terms have shown to increase in number. Negative address terms of ‘honorifics’, ‘educational’ & ‘cultural’ and ‘teknonyms’ decreased while ‘occupational’ and ‘zero address terms’ have increased in frequency which reveals a gradual and regular movement from formality to solidarity.

The tremendous increase in the use of heavy metals over the past few decades has inevitably resulted in an increased flux of metallic substances in aquatic environment. Mine drainage, industrial and domestic effluents, agricultural run-off, acid rain etc. have all contributed to some extent to the metal loads in the water bodies. Metals are of special concern because they are non-degradable and therefore persistent. Some metals may be either beneficial or toxic, depending on concentration. The efficient removal of toxic metals from wastewater is an important matter and it is a widely-studied area. There are many techniques available for the removal of heavy metals such as chemical precipitation, reverse osmosis, electrolysis and ion exchange. Physical treatment can also be used to remove small concentrations of hazardous substances dissolved in water that would never settle out. One of the most commonly used techniques involves the process of adsorption, which is the physical adhesion of chemicals onto the surface of a solid. The effectiveness of the adsorbent is directly related to the amount of surface area available to attract the molecules or particles of contaminant. As the use of activated carbon is expensive, so there has been considerable interest in the use of other sorbent materials. Among the many other low cost absorbents identified chitin has the highest sorption capacity for several metal ions but has some mass transfer problems. In the present investigation an attempt was made to overcome these mass transfer limitations by synthesizing binary blend using chitin and poly vinyl alcohol; and ternary blend using chitin, poly vinyl alcohol and silk fibroin and the both blends were characterized by FTIR, TGA, XRD and SEM. From the characterization results, it was found that chitin/PVA/SF (1:1:1) ternary blend is thermally stable than chitin/PVA (1:1) binary blend. Thus, electroplating industrial wastewater was treated with the prepared ternary blend and results revealed that the ternary blend prepared was excellent in removing the heavy metal ions from electroplating industrial effluent. Hence, the ternary blend of chitin, poly vinyl alcohol and silk fibroin could open way for waste water treatment in industrial level.

The three-phase frictional pressure drop for gas-liquid-solid mixture secondary ?ow through helical curved pipe in vertical orientation is investigated and reported in this article. Effects of different operating variables on the three phase pressure drop are enunciated and the experimental results were analyzed and Lockhart-Martinelli and Davis model are incorporated to predict the three-phase frictional pressure drop. A correlation for parameter for the model is also proposed to predict frictional pressure drop for gas-liquid-solid mixture flow through helical curved pipe by dimensional analysis.

We are very happy to announce that from 12th April 2011, Prof. Mohammad Reza Noruzi has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on the Faculty of Economics and Management. Prof. Mohammad Reza Noruzi is currently an Associate professor at Faculty of Economics and Management, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran. The appointment of Prof. Mohammad Reza Noruzi as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Proxy blind signature combines the properties of both proxy signature and blind signature. In a proxy signature scheme, a signer delegates his signing power to a proxy, who signs a message on behalf of the original signer. In a blind signature scheme, the signer cannot link the relationship between the blind message and the signature of the chosen message. Therefore, it is very suitable for electronic commerce application. In this paper, a proxy blind signature scheme based on ECDLP for multiple signer has been proposed, which satisfy the security properties of both the blind signature and the proxy signature. In this proposed scheme multiple original signers are delegates their signing power to one proxy signer, who give signature on behalf of them. Analysis shows that our scheme is secure and efficient.

The present investigation was done to prepare dosa using composite flour containing kodo and barnyard millet flour, whole wheat flour and defatted soy flour of four different combinations and to study the impact of millet flour blend incorporation on characteristics of dosa. The prepared dosa was characterized by analyzing physical properties, nutritional properties, organoleptic characteristics and in vivo glycemic load among ten normal and ten type 2 diabetic subjects. Results indicated that the diameter of dosa was increased with decrease in thickness; the spread ratio was increased significantly at p<0.001; and the weight of batter and dosa were decreased while increasing the incorporation of millet flour blend. The total carbohydrate, starch, and total sugar content were decreased; protein, amylose/amylopectin ratio and crude fiber content were increased significantly while increasing the incorporation of millet flour blend. As the millet flour blend ratio increased above 20%, most of liking and Just About Right (JAR) attributes especially on texture of dosa was decreased marginally. Organoleptically 30% level of incorporation was accepted. The glycemic index and glycemic load were decreased significantly while increasing the incorporation of millet flour blend. Thus the consumption of prepared dosa from composite flour will definitely pose a light to increase the nutritional security and decrease the incidence of double disease burden.

In this work, we conducted a comparative analysis among toluene, chloroform and pentanol through theoretical analysis of 2-chloro-5,6-dimethyl-3-(methylsulfanyl) quinoxaline (2Cl5,6Dm3MsQ) molecule with the help of Gaussian 09 software, the geometry of the molecule is optimized and studied the geometric properties using density functional theory (DFT) method. By using DFT method the Mulliken charge distribution of 2Cl5,6Dm3MsQ molecule, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) analysis of the molecule in different solvent atmosphere which are used to establish the energy band gap and the stability of the molecule are analysed. Potential distribution and density distribution of the titled molecule is analysed by the surface mapping to understand the reactivity of the molecule. From all the findings we observed that, the 2Cl5,6Dm3MsQ molecule has good kinetic stability, by the optical property study we can also ensure that, the molecule may have good biological properties and may also use in optoelectronic devices.

Application of biological mechanisms or employment of microorganisms is in practise for many years in the treatment of sewage. In the present study selected microorganisms (Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., E.coli, Lactobacillus sp., and Candida sp., were employed to treat the sewage of a local hospital. This sewage is found to contain considerable quantity of alcohol and phenol. The efficiency of the above cultures either separately or in different combinations was studied. The original levels of BOD (285 mg O2/l) and COD (680 mg O2/l) of the sewage were reduced to 16.4 O2/l and 260 O2/l respectively in 72 h when sterile sewage was incorporated with Pseudomonas sp. at a level of 26 X 10 5 CFU/ml. The corresponding BOD and COD in the control was 79 mg O2/l and 655 mg O2/l. The Candida sp., at an incorporation level of 35 X 105 CFU/ml reduced the BOD and COD of the sewage to 18.3 mg O2/l and 240 mg O2/l respectively. E.coli, Lactobacillus sp., Klebsiella sp., at an incorporation level of 28 X 10 5, 27 X 10 5 CFU/ml reduced BOD to 23.6, 19.9, 26.5 mg O2/l respectively. From the original value of 160 mg/l, nitrate reduced to 8.9, 46.8, 4.3, 49.2 and 6.8 mg/l respectively when Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., E.coli, Lactobacillus sp., and Candida sp., were incorporated separately in the sewage. The value in control was 135 mg/l mg/l at 72 /h of incubation. The phosphate was reduced to 4.7, 3.9, 2.8, 5.3 and 2.9 mg/l respectively. The value in the control was 10.8 mg/l. The above said cultures (Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., E.coli, Lactobacillus sp., and Candida sp.,) were mixed at a ratio of 26:23:28:27:35 and incorporated in the sewage at a mixed population of 120 X 10 5 CFU/ml which reduced the BOD to 14.2 mg O2/l and COD to 138 mg O2/l in 48 h of incorporation. Thus it was found that the efficiency of mixed cultures found to be higher than the individual cultures.

The purpose of this article is to compute the reliability measures of an automobile assembly plant. An automobile assembly plant consists of five sub-systems working in series as: Vendor (supply steel metal and body parts), Weld shop, Paint shop, Assembly shop and Quality department. Weld shop and Assembly shop has the configuration 2-out-of -3: G and 1-out-of-3: F. Considered system can completely fail due to failure of any of the subsystems. It is also assumed that the system can fail due to machine failures. Machine failures can be major or minor. All failures follow exponential time distribution whereas all repairs follow general time distribution. Preventive maintenance policy has been applied to reduce the failure in the system. Risk analysis has been made which may occur due to the mistake of quality department in quality checks. Various reliability characteristics such as transition state probabilities, steady state behaviour, reliability, availability, M.T.T.F, sensitivity analysis and the cost analysis have been obtained using supplementary variable technique and Gumbel-Hougaard copula methodology. We also perform a parametric investigation which provides numerical results to show the effects of different system parameters to the reliability and MTTF which may be helpful to managerial staff of the industry in the decision making.

VLSI Industry is moving at high speed towards miniaturization. With miniaturization it faces a problem of power and heat dissipation. Thus we need a superior technology that circumvents this problem. Solution is implementing Reversible logic. A lot of research has been already done in the field of reversible computing. This paper presents a review of such reversible sequential circuits in literature from basic elements to complex circuits.