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We are very happy to announce that from 24h March 2017, Mr. Paresh Girish Chaudhary has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Mechanical Engineering. The appointment of Mr. Paresh Girish Chaudhary as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease caused by a flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia infecting both human and animals. These parasites live in the intestines and are passed in feces. Outside the body, Giardia can survive for weeks or months. Giardia may be found in every region around the world. Mode of spreading is mainly through oral route mostly via contaminated water. Symptoms include diarrhea, gas or flatulence, greasy stool that can float, abdominal cramps, nausea, and dehydration accompanied by weight loss. WHO estimates that over 90% of diarrheal cases can be prevented by enhancing the availability of clean water and improving hygiene and sanitation measures. Some people with Giardia infection may remain asymptomatic hence acting as reservoirs for the parasite. Lack of safe water as a sanitation hazard has not been comprehensively studied. This cross section study was carried out to determine the point prevalence of G. lamblia amongst out-patients who attended Sio port sub-county hospital between the period of May-July 2014. To determine the point prevalence of G. lamblia and to determine the most affected gender and age-group(s).: Simple random sample method were used, to enroll three hundred and fifty three (353) participants. Stool was microscopically studied to identify presence of a trophozoite (in case the stool is diarrhoeic) and for a cyst of a G.lamblia (in case it is formed or semi-formed stool). Data was collected and analysed by discriptive statistics and presented in form of tables, pie charts and graphs. Female were the most affected (78.2%) as compared to male (21.8%). The most affected age-group was 26-30 years (21%), followed by 0-5years (18.5%) and the least affected was 41years and above (3.4%). Point prevalence of G.lamblia was concluded to be 33.7%. Prevalence of G. lamblia among out-patients was 33.7% with the highest being in the age-bracket of 26-30 (21%) and female being the most affected sex with the prevalence rate of 78.2%. Therefore giardiasis is a health problem in areas where proper personal hygiene is not taken into consideration.

Organization is a relatively young science in comparison with the other scientific disciplines. (Ivanko, 2013) Accounts of the growth of organizational theory usually start with Taylor and Weber, but, as Scott (1987) mentions, organizations were present in the old civilizations which goes back to Sumerians (5000, BC) and which experiences its maturation phase with Taylor, Fayol and Weber, continuing to come up to present with modern management methods and principles. The modern organization may be the most crucial innovation of the past 100 years and it is a theory which will never complete its evolution as the human being continues to exist. Understanding how organizations work has been the focus of scientists and scholars until the early part of the 20th century. Just as organizations have evolved, so to have the theories explaining them. These theories can be divided into 9 different “schools” of thought (Shafritz, Ott, Jang, 2005): Classical Organization Theory, Neoclassical Organization Theory, Human Resource Theory, or the Organizational Behavior Perspective, Modern Structural Organization Theory, Organizational Economics Theory, Power and Politics Organization Theory, Organizational Culture Theory, Reform Though Changes in Organizational Culture and Theories of Organizations and Environments. This introductory paper will concentrate on the power and politics organization theory and is divided as follows: The introduction talks about the developments of the organization and organization theory from its early stages with detailed definitions. In section 2, theoretical roots in other words literature review on the subject will be presented. At further section, by looking at the perspectives of the 9 pioneering people (Pfeffer, Michels, Raven, March, Kanter and Mintzberg) main principles of the classical organization theory are presented one by one. Section 4 mentions strengths and weaknesses of the classical organizational theory and section 5 discusses and concludes the paper.

Present research intended to find out various problems faced by the schools administrators pertaining to how much principals and head of institutions are responsible in planning and developing an educational institution, how much they are empowered or struggling the quality education and healthy comfortable environment to the students and whether expectations attached to their role are realistic or not. The main objective of this study was to explore these issues, and also find their impact on the public and private institutions. Population of the research was comprised of head of institutes, Principals or campus administrators and section heads of public and private schools and colleges of Islamabad. A random sample of 153 respondents was collected from various public, private (chain schools) and individual owned schools with the help to research questionnaire. The results showed a dissatisfaction of educational administrators towards the organizational procedures, availability of resources and funds, implementation of modern methodology and concerns about advanced and updated curriculum and general facilities.

The paper examined the technical efficiency of ofada rice production system in the prominent rice producing area of Obafemi –Owode Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. The data used for the study were elicited from 100 ofada rice farmers who were selected using two stage sampling technique. The first stage was the random selection of ten rice producing villages from two rice blocks of Someke and Obafemi in Obafemi Local Government Area, while the second stage was the random selection of ten ofada rice farmers each from the ten villages to make the sample of one hundred ofada rice farmers. The analytical techniques used were descriptive statistics of rice producers, the determination of the rate of return on capital invested (RORCI) on the enterprise after analyzing enterprise profitability and the stochastic production frontier model. The results revealed that an average rice farmer in the study area is a married male of 51 years of age, with farming experience of 19 years, cultivated 3.34 hectares of rice and had little access to credit, extension services and tractor services considered essential for hectarage expansion. The production cost per hectare of rice was estimated as N64,565 with a revenue of N119,222 per hectare. The rate of return on invested capital (RORCI) was 85 percent and this favourably exceeded the prevailing capital lending rate of 18.38 percent. This indicated that on every naira invested in ofada rice production, there was a return of N0.85. It thus buttressed the fact that ofada rice production is a profitable venture in the study area. There was low technical inefficiency in ofada rice production in the study area during the 2008 cropping season which was investigated. Technical efficiency of the farmers varied between 0.52 and 0.98 with a mean of 0.89 and about 85% of the sampled farmers had technical efficiency above 0.80. The finding suggested that there is room for improvement in the production system. The variables that influenced ofada rice output included farm size which was significant at the probability level of P? <0.01, pesticide P?<0.05 and seed at P?<0.01 level .The variables were all positively related to ofada rice output level. It was therefore recommended among others that the rice farmers are old and thus need a succession plan of new generation farmers which should be organized into rice farmers association for easy access to credit facilities, extension services and provided tractor services to increase their farm size which is essential for their economic improvement.

India is one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical markets in the world and has established itself as a key global hub for research & development, manufacturing of raw materials, excipients, intermediates, finished dosage formulations, packaging materials, and clinical trials for both synthetic and biological drugs. This review paper discusses on how Hyderabad which was known as a bulk drug capital transformed in to an emerging pharma global pharma hub. Business friendly government policies, visionary entrepreneurs and a large pool of knowledge base specialized to support industry has transformed Hyderabad a place for many SME’s, Indian & Foreign Multinational Pharma companies.

This paper reviews the absorption enhancement of the aqua ammonia systems by various technologies like mechanical treatment, chemical treatment and nanotechnology. By using mechanical enhancement we can reduce size of the absorber by 48.7%, by using chemical treatment the absolute absorption can be increase by 8% than pure water. And the nano- solution is more effective than pure solution. However, the combined treatment with both surfactant and nanoparticles is recommended to improve the absorption performance for practical applications.

The purpose of the study was to establish the role of organizational culture on performance in the insurance industry in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population for this study was the senior and middle level management staff of the 49 insurance companies registered with the Association of Kenya insurers (AKI) by December 2014. The study selected the respondents using stratified proportionate random sampling technique. Primary data was obtained using self-administered questionnaires administered using a drop and pick later method. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean score and standard deviation was estimated for all the quantitative variables and information presented inform of tables and graphs. Inferential data analysis was done using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis to establish the relations between the independent and dependent variables. Hypothesis testing was done using p-value in a Chi-square test. F-statistic was also be computed at 95% confidence level to test whether there is any significant relationship between organizational culture and performance of insurance companies in Kenya. The correlation results revealed that organizational culture promoted performance in the insurance industry in Kenya. The study recommends that standard employee compensation packages should be implemented to poster motivation for better employee productivity. Insurance companies in Kenya should develop strategic marketing plans that differentiate each organization from the market rivals. Continuous market innovation and product development is also advocated. Strong focus on customer retention and building of loyalty is recommended. Insurance firms in Kenya should implement knowledge management systems as this was associated to be a key driver towards Performance of Insurance Companies. Periodically, insurance firms in Kenya should carry out SWOT analysis, business reengineering process is also encouraged to keep operations on tack. Internal flow of activities are effective as the quality of coordination was found to be a crucial factor posting positive performance of organization and that management should work to ensure that strategic policies actively promote organizational effectiveness, reputation, values and ethics. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge concerning strategic management which has become popular among companies. The study results promote clear understanding on organizational culture especially on leadership.

The portunidae crab Charybdis natator were collected from the offshore region of Nagapattinam (Lat. 10⁰ 46’ NS and Long. 79⁰ 51’ EW) on south east coast of Bay of Bengal. A random collection of specimens were made and sex ratio of male and female crabs were thoroughly studies in a period of two year January – 2009 to December – 2010. The result it clearly indicates that there was slight variation in both sex numbers. Among the total crabs 1748, the males were 864 and females were 884. The overall sex ratio of male and female was found to 1:1.01 ratio. The chi-square (?2) test analysis indicated that the ratio was not significantly differ from the expected 1:1 ratio. Hence it is suggested that the variation in sex ratio mainly depends on migration of crab for feeding, breeding, types of gear and craft used in that season.

A single speaker will use different linguistic forms on different occasions, and different speakers of a language will express the same meanings using different forms. Speakers of a language make choices in pronunciation, morphology, vocabulary, and grammar depending on a number of non-linguistic factors: the speaker’s purpose in communication, and some other non-linguistic features that cannot be used intentionally: age, and sex. If one person utters the sentence ‘John is a farmer’ and another says the same thing except pronounces the word farmer as ‘fahmuh,’ then the difference is one of accent. But if one person says something like ‘You should not do that’ and another says ‘Ya hadn’t oughta do that,’ then this is a dialect difference because the variation is greater. A dialect is variation in grammar and vocabulary in addition to sound variations. There are occupational dialects (the word bugs means something quite different to a computer programmer and an exterminator), sexual dialects (women are far more likely than men to call a new house adorable), and educational dialects (the more education people have, the less likely they are to use double negatives). There are dialects of age (teenagers have their own slang, and even the phonology of older speakers is likely to differ from that of young speakers in the same geographical region) and dialects of social context (we do not talk the same way to our intimate friends as we do to new acquaintances, to the paperboy, or to our employer). There is a relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic variations. Understanding this relationship can help language learners to express themselves more appropriately. Such an understanding is an asset without which they run the risk of exposing themselves to being laughed at. This paper focuses on enabling learners of the English language to participate successfully in social and linguistic interaction through developing their communicative competence or through discovering how various aspects of the non-linguistic context influence the nature of linguistic communication.