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To protect radiation infrastructure in Iraq, the uranium concentration in toothpastes of national market in Iraq has been measured. Five samples of toothpastes collected from market in Baghdad, for this purpose, which isAnper(from Iraq), Sensodyen(from England), crest (from Germany), Sanino(from Algebra) and Signal (from Egypt), which represent the most used in national market in Iraq. These samples due analyzed using nuclear track detectors technique type lexan detector. The measured values of uranium content found to vary from (1.07-3.57) ppm, which is equivalent in exposer dose in unit mSv were (0.113-0.3795) mSv. The value of uranium concentration is considering low and not harmful, especial the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP) annual effective dose limit of 1 mSv as a general public.

The Indian aviation industry is one of the fastest growing aviation industries in the world. After LPG policy, the government's open sky policy has led to many overseas players entering the market and the industry has been growing both in terms of players and number of aircrafts. Today, private airlines account for around 75 per cent share of the domestic aviation market.

The measurement of ultrasonic velocity in pure liquids and mixtures is an important tool to study the physico-chemical properties and also explain the nature of molecular interactions. The study of thermodynamic parameters to explain molecular interaction of drugs in aqueous or non-aqueous medium provides useful information in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry. In present work molecular interaction of aqueous solution of Gabpentin (2-[1-(amino methyl) cyclohexyl] acetic acid) at various concentrations and different temperatures such as 303, 308, 313, 318, 323K was studied by measuring ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity of the solution. The ultrasonic parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, free volume, free length, acoustic impedance, absorption coefficient, viscous relaxation time, available volume, and Lenard Jones Potential were calculated. These parameters explained formation of hydrogen bond and molecular interaction existing in the solution.

Integrated ecosystem provides the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services into an overall strategy for helping people adapt to climate change. To date, insights into these approaches have often been based on reports from isolated anecdotal case studies. Though, these are informative, and provide evidence that people are using ecosystems to adapt, they provide rather limited insight in terms of measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of integrated ecosystem, especially when compared with technical or structural adaptation interventions. The body of scientific evidence indicating how effective such approaches are is lacking in some aspects. Where evidence does exist, it is often dispersed across a range of related fields, such as natural resource management, disaster risk reduction and agroecology. To date, there has been little attempt to systematically assemble and analyze this evidence. Therefore, evidence in respect of the merits or otherwise of integrated ecosystem is unknown and it has not been possible to identify prevailing knowledge gaps to inform further research and analysis, which will enable policymakers to compare integrated ecosystem with other adaptation options. Hence, this paper is emphasizing the identified gaps for further research purposes.

An on farm trial (OFT) was conducted during the year 2013 and 2014 to identify a suitable variety in upland situation through direct seeding in bio-physical and socio-economic condition of Chatra district. Experiment was conducted in Mardanpur village of Chatra block of Chatra district of Jharkhand where NICRA Project is under operation. The trial was designed in randomized block design consisting of 20 replications with five technological options i.e. TO1 : Farmers variety (Motkagora) with farmer practice N30P20K0, TO2 : Vandana with improved practice N40P20K20, TO3 : Anjali with improved practice N40P20K20, TO4 : Virendra with improved practice N40P20K20 and TO5 : CR-40 with improved practice N40P20K20. Farmer’s preference was also measured through a 5 points rating scale. Results indicated that TO3 i.e. improved variety Anjali with N40P20K20 under direct seeded condition in rain-fed Tar-III was found most suitable followed by TO4- Virendra with improved practice N40P20K20 and TO2 Vandana with improved practice N40P20K20 .

Local affairs and ensuring the welfare of the village as a desirable habitat for most people is a task The charge is based Dehyarys and according to law, public affairs, directly involved and of course Dehyarys legal entity, financial and administrative autonomy and property, funds and revenues, rights and specific duties and honors of the state. In this context, the role of village councils no secret. In this study, we have investigated the characteristics of Islamic Councils in the rural city of Bushehr, with a descriptive approach. This study aimed to identify qualitative and quantitative trends Council last three periods (second, third and fourth respectively). The findings show Decreasing age, increasing the role of women in village councils, more specialized work by increasing the number of people with higher education, higher education, council members and increase the average number of Islamic Councils has 5 members. The study was presented Proposals such as increasing the powers of councils, creating a bridge between city and rural Councils considering the findings in order to share experiences and Rural Management Training Program for Rural Councils.

We proposed a new algorithm for detection of micro calcifications using mathematical morphology, adaptive bilateral filter and radon transform. The Adaptive bilateral filter is able to smooth the noise, while enhancing edges and textures in the image. Morphology operations such as dilation, erosion, opening and closing are offering a quality extraction of Shapes. In this method the radon transform based methods is applied to extract the micro calcifications. The performance of the segmentation of micro calcification is to be improved by including the mathematical morphology operations along with Radon transform. Radon transform based methods are used in computer tomography which efficiently produced random projections and give a simultaneous translational rotational alignment in two and three dimensions. The size and shape of the lesions are measured by using canny edge detection methods and segmented results are generated. The proposed method evaluated with usefulness of the system with help expert radiologists.

Plastics have become an important part of modern life and are used in different sectors of applications like packaging, building materials, consumer products and much more. Each year about 100 million tons of plastics are produced worldwide. Demand for plastics in India reached about 4.3 million tons in the year 2001-02 and would increase to about 8 million tons in the year 2006-07. Degradation is defined as reduction in the molecular weight of the polymer. The Degradation types are (a).Chain end degradation/de-polymerization (b).Random degradation/reverse of the poly condensation process. Biodegradation is defined as reduction in the molecular weight by naturally occurring microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. That is involved in the degradation of both natural and synthetic plastics.  Examples of Standard Testing for Polymer Biodegradability in Various Environments. ASTM D5338: Standard Test Method for Determining the Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions, ASTM D5210: Standard Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in the Presence of Municipal Sewage Sludge, ASTM D5526: Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials under Accelerated Landfill Conditions, ASTM D5437: Standard Practice for Weathering of Plastics under Marine Floating Exposure. Plastics are biodegraded, (1).In wild nature by aerobic conditions CO₂, water are produced,(2).In sediments & landfills by anaerobic conditions CO₂, water, methane are produced, (3).In composts and soil by partial aerobic & anaerobic conditions.

We are very happy to announce that from 6th August 2013, Dr. Kapil Kr. Bansal has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Inventory Management, Operations Research, Supply Chain Management. Dr. Kapil Kr. Bansal is currently working as Head Research & Publication, SRM University, NCR Campus, Ghaziabad 201204. The appointment of Dr. Kapil Kr. Bansal as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 24th September 2011, Dr. Sudhanshu Joshi has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Information Systems Management. Dr. Sudhanshu Joshi is currently working at School of Management, Doon University, Dehradun, India. The appointment of Dr. Sudhanshu Joshi as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief