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New energy technologies are currently investigated in R&D and promoted in the political arena. Before these technologies enter the market, their environmental superiority over competing options must be asserted based on a life cycle approach. However, when applying the prevailing status-quo Life Cycle Assessment approach to future energy systems, some drawbacks arise. This paper investigates the environmental performance of several future energy systems (carbon capture and storage, micro cogeneration and photovoltaic’s) and describes associated methodological issues and instruments for dealing with the future dimension of these technologies.

The state of any system can be defined completely by four observable properties, namely composition, pressure, volume and temperature. Study of thermodynamical properties of liquids and liquid mixtures play an important role in elucidation of the nature of molecular interactions. Internal pressure (?i) and free volume (Vf.) are the thermo dynamical parameters, which are useful in understanding the intra and inter molecular interactions in polymer solutions[1,2]. The internal pressure is known to be an inverse function of free volume. In the present work, the ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity measurements have been made for the temperatures 303K, 313 K, 318 K and 323 K and at different concentrations of polyvinylidene fluoride in polar aprotic solvent i.e Dimethylacetamide. The variation of internal pressure and free volume with temperature and concentration has been carried out. The nature of polymer-solvent interaction and the effect of temperature and concentration on the molecular interaction are studied. The internal pressure is found to vary inversely with free volume and the values reveals that the relation ?i Vf x = constant, holds good for the above system.

Agriculture provides a variety of societal functions. Intensive and expanded using of farming land in recent decades has negative effects on ecological factions and stability of their production. Mechanization is one of the main factors of modern agriculture and directly and indirectly is related to sustainable agriculture. In this study, the relationship between mechanization and sustainability of dry farming wheat and dry chickpea farms in the Kuhdasht county of Iran were investigated. Indicators in two categories: direct (energy consumption, soil compaction and air pollution) and indirect (risk of contamination with chemicals) were evaluated. The impact of mechanization indicators on social- economic (employment, job damage and economic performance) were investigated. Although these indicators do not show a complete overview of sustainability farm, for comparison, farm stability and improvement farm sustainability are effective. The results show strong communication between mechanization and the sustainability in dry farming of wheat and chickpea and although mechanization has the positive effects on sustainability but it has negative effects as well. With determining of type and scale of local mechanization, sustainability of production will increase.

A simple and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of macrocyclic binuclear Schiff base ligand and their transition metal complexes of the type [M₂(L)X]  where M= Ni(II), Cu(II),   X=CH₃COO^? and [M₂(L)].X where M=Ni(II), Cu(II) and VO(II), X=4ClO₄^?, 2SO₄^2?. If the ligand have been synthesized by the condensation of 3,3’-diaminobenzidine with Phthaldehyde and O-phenylenediamine in the ratio 1:4:2. The prepared macrocyclic ligand and their metal complexes were structurally confirmed by analytical and spectral data and the bonding sites are the azomethine nitrogen atoms. The metal complexes exhibit different geometrical arrangements such as square planar and square pyramidal. The ligand and the complexes were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. The results showed that this skeletal framework exhibit marked potency as antimicrobial agents.

Background: Prodrugs are form of medications in which the drug is given as inactive parent compound, and then activated in the body by various metabolic processes, after administration. The main objective of this study was to assess the awareness about the cardiovascular prodrugs and their interactions among medical practitioners and to assess the relationship between the physicians' awareness, medical professional and years of experience. Method: The study was cross sectional hospital based study, conducted among physicians working in three of Khartoum state hospitals. Data was collected via structure questionnaire. Results: This is study surveyed 196 medical practitioners, 109 (55.6%) were male and 87 (44.4%) were female, mean for the age was 29.04. more than two third (73%) of the medical practitioners knew prodrug. Concomitant prescribing of proton pump inhibitors with Clopidogrel (prodrug) was about half 97 (49%) of total medical practitioners surveyed, followed by Losartan and Metronidazole 81 (41.3%). More than half (51%) of the respondents answered correctly that Enalapril is cardiovascular prodrug. The overall knowledge of prodrugs interaction effect on therapeutic level was very low ranged from (15.85 %- 37.25%). The most frequent prodrug prescribed on daily basis was Statins followed by Clopidogrel. Conclusion: It concluded that awareness regarding prodrug is low among medical practitioners. The awareness and the knowledge of the medical practitioners about prodrug increase with age, and with their professional medical positions.

This study examines the causal relationship of selected bank financial ratios on lending to small and medium Enterprise (SMEs) in Nigeria. The data used for this study were gathered from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical Bulletin for a period of 27 years (1983 – 2010). Granger causality and OLS were applied to a set of differenced bank financial ratios and it was found that a critical gap in bank intermediation still exists in the lending to SME sector in Nigeria. A positive relationship exists between ratio of Rural Loan to Deposit (RRLD) and aggregate liquidity ratio (LR) while the causal relationship flows from cash reserve ratio to liquidity ratio. The result suggests that the excess liquidity in the banking system between 1983 – 2010 did not improve the flow of credit to SMEs in Nigeria. Consequently, the banks have failed in their social role of financing the SMEs by restricting the spread of fiat money contrary to the expectations of the Keynes – Schumpeter model. There is also no evidence to show that the banks are dealing significantly with the problem of information asymmetries through improved relationship lending to the SMEs in Nigeria. Monetary Policy should therefore target critically bank variables (LR, CRR and LDR) while ensuring compliance with prudential standards and balancing aggregate portfolios between large and small businesses. Restoring the mandatory credit allocation regime could also help in improving SMEs lending.

This paper examines the contribution of contemporary innovation practices in management to organizational success, nowadays management practice innovation is at the top of the strategic agenda of corporations. In fact, the current catch phrases of ‘creative response' and 'innovation’ can be traced back to the entrepreneurship school and the cultural school since they are the nature of innovation, the inherent logic of innovation. Innovation is crucial both to the survival and growth of businesses and to their Competitive positions although businesses can be as innovative as their rivals and play a "dynamic complementary" Organizational creation is fundamental to the process of innovation, it constitutes part of the system that produces it. The ability of an organization to innovate is a pre-condition for the successful utilization of inventive resources and new technologies. Conversely, the introduction of new technology often presents complex opportunities and challenges for organizations, leading to changes in managerial practices and the emergence of new organizational forms. Organizational and technological innovations are intertwined, organizational changes, alongside new products and processes, as well as new markets.

This study was performed to examine the effect of nitrogen commercial bio fertilizer on yield and yield components of two cultivars of rapeseed bio as factorial experiment in Firoozabad city, Fars Provience, Iran. Firs factor included cultivars (Julius and Jerry) and secod factor was fertilizer (control, Bio-farm nitrogen, Nittrokara bio-fertilizer and Nitroxin bio-fertilizer). Measured traits included the number of pods per plant, seeds per pod, seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. According to the results, it was founded that there is a significant difference between two varieties, Julius cultivar showed highest seed yield (923 gr/m2) and 827 gr/m2 was obtained by Jerry. In relation to fertilizer treatments, it was founded that Nitroxin had higest effect on studied characteristic and this treatment showed 1044 gr/m2 seed yield, hence, the using of this fertilizer is recommended to weather conditions of firouzabad city.

The aim of this study is to show the relationship between foreign investment and economic growth. Framework is used to show impact over the period of 1986 to 2013 .The result of these tables show that there is positive relationship between foreign investment and economic growth. We also examines that there is lack of sources in Pakistan .We have used secondary data for this study .This study will reveal that foreign investment is playing important role to fulfils requirement of sources .On the other hand, foreign investment has important role for the development of Pakistan economy. Most importantly, the Pakistan has chosen investor friendly policy. Foreign investment has two types 1) mixture of green field investment and 2)privatization proceeds .We propose a mechanism that foreign investment determine the political risk. Foreign investment also play important role to maintain a BOP of host country .In this study also show that which policies is important for the development of country 1) reduce political risk 2) foreign investment .This study also shows that Sri Lanka has rate of foreign investment is low then other Asian countries .Market access and modern technology is a main components of foreign investment .However, productivity can be improve by foreign investment (1997) the ratio of foreign investment in Pakistan is 0.2%.The main reason of poor performance in Pakistan is that basically Pakistan is a agriculture country and we have poor industries skills .For the development of country there is need to investment 35% to 40% in a year .In this study also shows that terries has negative effect on foreign investment of Pakistan .State bank of Pakistan regulates foreign investment inside and outside the Pakistan. Economy of every country depends upon circle of a foreign investment .For a strong country there is need of a strong economy .In this study we also examine that foreign investment growth rate is increasing then international trade. For the development of economic growth there is needed to invest 35 to 40% in GDP. Foreign investment has different shapes like.1) foreign loans 2) foreign direct investment3) portfolio. In the last year the exports of Pakistan is 12.9billion and import was 18.7billion. Japan has a vast export market for Pakistan. Economic development can be increase with foreign trade e .g raw cotton clothes and wheat is the main products of Pakistan.

The main objective of this study is to analyze the impacts of organizational changes towards employees’ performance in the banking sector in Malaysia. The factors that will be discussed in this study include communication, leadership, procedural justice, employees’ development and tolerance to change. The location that been selected are Penang and Perak. A sample size of 450 respondents in the questionnaire had been conducted. The questionnaire was design and distributed through randomly sample to employees. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software had been used in order to run the reliability analysis, frequency analysis, explaining the correlation coefficient analysis and test of hypothesized relationships among the dependent variable and the independent variables. As a result, it had been found that communication, procedural justice, employees’ development and tolerance to change has positive significant relationship with employees’ performance. On the other hand, leadership has the negative significant relationship with employees’ performance.