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The provision of potable water to the populace is considered as one of the most important and critical functions of a government. As a result of this, nations have developed their own water resources master plan that guides them in harnessing this all-important component of human survival from being misused and abused, while at the same time ensuring that their citizens have access to it both in quantity and quality. But unfortunately, this cannot be said of the developing countries, thus the springing up of private water supply companies that complement the activities of the public water agencies. Owing to this, this paper set out to assess the roles of the private water supply companies in the provision of potable water in Minna. Therefore, a total of 400 questionnaires were administered on the residents of the 25 major neighbourhoods of Minna using the simple random sampling technique. Also, questionnaires were administered on 10% of the private water supply companies in Minna, as well as on a representative of the Niger State Water Board (NSWB). The result of the study revealed that despite the erratic nature of the public water supply scheme, the residents of Minna have preference for it. The finding also revealed that the water vendors sometimes sale water from questionable sources like uncovered well and stream to unsuspecting member of the public while claiming that the water was bought from private water companies. Owing to these, the paper recommended the development of water resources master plan that will serve as a policy framework to guide and address all the problems faced by (NSWB as well as developing a legal and policy framework that would facilitate the participation of private developers in the provision of water services on a sustainable basis in Minna.

Any process involving the process of increasing the efficiency of any mechanical part is a vital concept in the field of engineering and technology and equally vital in the field of energy and power systems too. This paper is based on a technique that could be used to improvise and increase the efficiency of the gas turbine aviation engines which was theoretically stated after conducting series of experiments and analysis through software. This technique could be called as REPOLARIZED MAGNETIC ROTATION technique which converts the magnetic power to mechanical power which could therefore be used to compress air in compressor, and thereby increase the efficiency of the gas turbine engines used in aviation. Various techniques adapted to design, analyze and fabricate the test engine were stated in this paper.

Ernest Hemingway, writer of 20th century America, winner of the Nobel Prize in literature, has a reputation of misogyny. A negative outlook towards women showcases his most famous works in which a sense of masculine dominance is almost ever-present. He often employs a sarcastic tone in his treatment of female characters. In his fiction, women who in literature are generally deemed subjects of heartbreak are ironically portrayed as heartbreakers or portents of destruction, in the least. This attitude towards women, we believe, is manifested in his "A Very Short Story" from his first short story collection In Our Time. Taking a biographical approach, we draw on his early experiences with his mother and his first love to better understand the story under study. But what has until now escaped notice is that "A Very Short Story" can also be read as a reaction to Feminism. To substantiate this claim, we put forth a brief survey of the Feminist discourse during the years he published "A Very Short Story", and offer signs of anti-Feminism from the text.

Language serves as an appropriate medium of interaction for society and society is a matrix in which the language is emerged; therefore, they have very close relationships. The terms bilingualism, language shift, language choice can indicate that in certain conditions different varieties of language are used. The way society members choose varieties of a language or switch toward another code can determine the influence of social factors on language choice (Freidoni, Jahandideh 2010) . It is a fact that only a minority of the third generation (grandchildren) of the people who migrate to a new society maintain bilingual; since it is a predominant pattern by the third generation to use- only- the spoken language of that particular community. However, it seems to be of a different case with the Armenians in Iran. Iran as a multilingual society is a suitable community in which the different varieties of language are used to serve different functions. Isfahan, one of the Iranian provinces, is a good representative of multilingualism in Iran; after Tehran, Isfahan has got the second rank regarding the density of Armenian population. After approximately 400 years of the arrival of their first generation to Iran, we can still see that Armenian people remain bilingual. According to our data analysis and the results obtained from questionnaires – distributed among 60 participants from three different generations – the major factor which keeps Armenians from moving away from their ethnicity, culture and language is their prejudice towards the factors above.

The present paper reports the findings of a study on gender (sex) difference in the attitude of post-graduate male and female students towards motion pictures. A sample of 100 (Boys-50 and Girls-50) post-graduate students belonging to all SES categories was selected and comprised the subjects. A standardized film preference questionnaire was used to ascertain the gender (sex) difference in attitude towards motion pictures. Findings suggest that females posses more favourable attitude towards motion pictures than males. Again, females are talent and sympathetic towards changes where as males are more critical in their attitude towards motion pictures.

The aim of this study is to explore the linkage between data mining and CBBE model to increase our brand knowledge by employing consumer questionnaire to determine the linkage between data mining and CBBE model. Two questionnaires are developed, one from the consumer opinions of analyzed with association rule to understand the relationships between the association rules and each stage of the brand equity pyramid; the other based on the literature review about brand equity factor and brand equity pyramid to design expert questionnaire to explore the linkage between brand equity pyramid and factors. Three main objectives in this study were: (1) to address solutions to the three questions related to brand image and each point of brand development; (2) to derive nine association rules in total by using association rules analysis; (3) to construct an expert questionnaire, and assess the relationships between the questionnaire items and measurement factors in the brand equity pyramid. The results not only helped to understand the status of their brand development but also provided strategies recommendations to improve the weak or underdeveloped stages in the process of brand building.

Peak expiratory flow rate is a simple, reliable and promising test of respiratory function. It can be easily measured and correlates well with other lung function measurements and useful guide for monitoring the ventilatory function of healthy and asthmatic children. Aim of the present study was to find out the correlation of PEFR with height, weight and BMI in school children and the objective was to find out if PEFR varies with gender. Study design was observational cross sectional study with convenient sampling. Total 340 samples, both boys and girls between age 8-14 years were selected from a school, in Vadgaon, Pune. Children having acute respiratory infection, asthma, recurrent cough or chest infection A family history were excluded. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to find out the correlation of PEFR with Height, Weight and BMI. Highest correlation was found between height and PEFR. Moderate correlation was found between weight and PEFR. Minimum correlation was found between BMI and PEFR.PEFR also shows gender variation; boys showing a Higher mean PEFR value.

Marketing in today’s world is so difficult for existing players and the new entrants due to the fast growing, changes in the customer preference and tastes, rapid growth of technology, penetration of foreign players in the local market, price sensitiveness of customers and quality consciousness of government for attracting, acquiring, retaining customers in the business. To identify the attitude of the customer in the banking sector, a study has been made in the Tiruchirappalli region among private bank.

In this study, the long-term impacts of poultry manure (PM) on vertical distribution of soil macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) have been determined. In addition, change in other soil fertility indicators such as organic matter (OM) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) levels were assessed. Soil samples from four depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-60, and 60-120 cm) from the sites were analyzed. Generally, the mean total soil nitrogen increased with depth in the cultivated poultry manure amended soils up to 60cm depth and decreased sharply at depth range 60-120 cm in both wet and dry seasons. At both the cultivated and uncultivated sites at Deduako, available P levels were highest at the top 15 cm depth of the soil and decreased rapidly with increasing depths for both seasons in both the cultivated and uncultivated sites. The exchangeable K content at Deduako during the wet and dry season was significantly higher at all sampling depths than the corresponding depths of uncultivated land. Generally, the exchangeable Ca levels were significantly higher in cultivated soils at the experimental sites than those of the uncultivated land. There were significantly higher exchangeable Ca levels in wet season than that of dry season at both sites. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) Mg levels recorded in wet season. The OM contents at all sampling depths of cultivated site were also higher than that of the uncultivated sites. At the Deduako vegetable site, during the wet season, the CEC in cultivated soils at the various sampling depth were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of uncultivated soil. Increases in all selected soil properties were, generally, higher in the wet season than the dry season.

We are very happy to announce that from 6th November 2016, Dr. Anissa Benramdane has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Management. Dr. Anissa Benramdane working as Assistant Professor, Department of Management, External Relations Officer, A. Belkaid University, Tlemcen, Algeria. The appointment of Dr. Anissa Benramdane as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.