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This article examines the position of the Sunnah of the Prophet in both Islamic espitemology and Western scholarship. The purposes are to scrutinize the perspectives of Islam and the West on the issue of Sunnah’s authenticity and to analyze its position in the Islamic espitemology and the Western scholarship. The method used to complete the writing is library study, which involve the collection of data and information, followed by their analysis to compare and contrast the differences. It is found that Islam firmly recognized the position of the Sunnah and the role that Prophet Muhammad played in bringing and teaching it. The West, however, are reluctant to acknowledge the position of the Sunnah and their denial is closely associated with their denial of Prophet Muhammad. The article implies that one needs to arm himself with a sound understanding of the Sunnah and to be well-versed in the knowledge to ensure that he is clear about the position of the sacred source of Islam, i.e the Sunnah.

Present paper attempts to elucidate how Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, under the influence of Jyotiba Phule and other social reformers, has changed the lives of numerous people in India by his revolutionary moments to improve the conditions of the socio-economically backward people of India. He descended on the land of India as an incarnation of another god who brought a sea change in the position of the Dalits, suppressed, oppressed and exploited people. He was a prophet or a god for all the marginalized, downtrodden, underprivileged or people of minority groups who were living a life in abject poverty, destitute, social-atrocities and caste-discriminations. He was a multi-dimensional personality being a jurist, politician, philosopher, administrator, historian and economist. He himself was born into a poor Mahar caste which was considered as untouchable at that time. He personally realized that agony and campaigned against racial discrimination prevalent in India. He succeeded in his efforts and cadged what he wanted. He gave new directions to Dalits to live with pride and dignity. How Dalits of India cherish equal status and rights present days due to this Ambedkarite Movement, is the key-note of this paper.

In this paper, existence and uniqueness of solutions to three-point boundary value problems associated with a system of first order rectangular matrix differential equation involving kronecker products by using variation of parameters formula are derived. These generalize the results obtained for three-point boundary value problems involving kronecker products.

Table of contents for the month of June 2017

A small size low profile microstrip patch antenna with different shape configuration like L, U and E- shape is presented here. Slot insertion causes size reduction which increases the bandwidth and return loss. So here we will see the performance of bandwidth enhancement and return loss by graphical analysis of different value. This paper reviews the performance analysis of compact and small planar monopole antenna with symmetrical L and U- shaped slots for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide Interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) (2014). Circularly polarized arrowhead shaped slotted microstrip antenna (2014), small UWB Planar Monopole Antenna with Added GPS/GSM/WLAN Bands (2012). Application of characteristic mode to commonly used circular polarized U-slot and E-shaped patch antenna (2012). Bandwidth enhancement of a polarization reconfigurable antenna with stair slots on the ground (2014). This paper also discusses the technology incorporated in order to bring about the required change in terms of improved performance. The performances of the antenna are compared along with measured and simulated result.

This paper describes the process involved in data retrieval from heterogeneity distributed database environment which employ multiple agent system. When a user request in any environment the request is converted to a query using Natural language Processing and passed for search through specific domains which helps to reduce the computation time and further complexity. But the transfer of record to and fro between system and base station increases the network traffic, communication cost, and response time. In order to minimize the overall complexity mobile agents are used to fetch the data required from various domains. This will help to improve the performance by exploiting the sites in parallel process.

In this paper, the motivation has been to give new explicit expressions for the stationary distribution of the buffer content for a fluid queue driven by an M/M/1 queue. The expressions of the buffer content distribution is derived in terms of modified Bessel functions. Finally, numerical assessment is presented to visualize the buffer content distribution.

A reliable multicast routing enables a process to multicast a message to a group of clients in a way that ensures all the host destination group members receive the same message. Multicast routing on Wireless Mesh Networks brings great challenges in security due to its high dynamics, link vulnerability, and complete decentralization. Hence, due to its insufficient security requirements and vulnerability to attacks, a novel secure multicast routing protocol S-ODMRP, takes full advantage of trusted computing technology. The novel methods proposed overcomes the above degradation and decreases the communication cost by broadcasting the local traffic and by providing self healing mechanism to each nodes in the network so that it cures the link failure caused by the failed routers and reconstructs the multicast key path, in which the path selection is based on the link basis. And the trusted key is distributed for the secure multicast routing in the Wireless Mesh Networks. In which the trust value for each node is based on some set of rules such as the jointly behaviors, energy behaviors, and the activity model. Hence the NS-2 simulation includes various parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Bandwidth overhead, cost per received packet, number of attackers and achieves the higher security and throughput.

Mobile communication is currently one of the major services that are developing at a rapid pace.4G (also known as beyond 3G) is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive Internet Protocol solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia services can be provided to users on an "anytime, anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations. This implies that roaming between different networks must be automatic and transparent to the user. The international telecommunications regulatory and standardization bodies are working for commercial deployment of 4G networks roughly in the 2012–2015 time scale.

The present paper discusses the development of a Markov model for performance evaluation of water circulation system of a thermal power plant using probabilistic approach. A water circulation system ensures a proper supply of water for smooth working of a thermal power plant. For regular and economical generation of steam, it is necessary to maintain each sub- system of this system to ensure an optimum level of availability. In present paper, the water circulation system consists of five subsystems with three possible states i.e. working, reduced and failed state. Failure and repair rates of subsystems are taken to be constant. After drawing transition diagram, differential equations have been generated. After that, steady state probabilities are determined. The system of equations is solved for steady state availability of the system using Laplace transformation technique. Besides, some decision matrices are also developed, which provide various performance levels for different combinations of failure and repair rates of all subsystems. Based upon various performance values obtained in decision matrices and plots of failure rates/ repair rates of various subsystems, performance of each subsystem is analysed and then maintenance decisions are made for all subsystems. The developed model helps in comparative evaluation of alternative maintenance strategies.