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Leaders are backbone in an organization. They are the one that determine the direction of an organization whether to be further victorious or not. Leaders have an undeviating and massive impact on the followers as well. Past research indicated that when followers are selecting their leaders it is based on many indistinct characteristics. Thus this study is to identify the characteristics that develop into the factors to select a good leader among students. Findings from this present study indicated that from the five dimension of independent variables (responsibility, education, personality, skill and gender), three (education, personality and skill) were directly associated with selecting a good leader among the students. Among the three, education had the biggest impact on selection of a good leader among students. Education being the most imperative factor because a leader with first-class education will gain reverence without much difficulty, be trusted and their words are considered to be more significant and grant greater impact on the followers. It is highly hoped that information gleaned from this present study will shape and produce leaders with first-class qualities for the world of tomorrow.

Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly. There are very few documented cases of adults presenting with bladder exstrophy in literature as well as its management which is poor and limited to retrospective studies of small number of cases. Malignant potential of the exstrophied bladder mucosa is well known. Sixty percent of cancers in ectopic bladder occur during fourth and fifth decade of life, majority being adenocarcinoma. This disorder is not only a psychological, social and professional handicap in adults but surgical difficulties also top-up its particular aspect owing to difficulty in parietal closure with frequent use of osteotomy, and rare chances of bladder preservation. We report herein a case of squamous cell carcinoma of exstrophied bladder in a 34-year-old male patient whom due to poor response neoadjuvant chemotherapy underwent radical cystoprostatectomy, urinary diversion with a cutaneous ureterostomy and reconstruction of hypogastric region. He is on a frequent follow up. The case is being reported on account of its rarity. Pertinent literature is being reviewed.

The west is China's more backward areas, the vast land, backward economy, education shortage. National energetical implementation of the western development, not only refers to the western economy development, the more refers to the big western manpower resource development, the western education big development. After entering WTO, the western education big development should be even more forward-looking view of the world, from the development of the west education. English as a platform of communication with the world, of course, in the western education development occupies important position. How to combine the western actual situation to learn English, to teach English, in English, this paper is to explore the key. Distance education learners were aged between 20 to 45 years old, therefore we can say remote education learners the majority is adult students. Adult students often have and adolescent their students' different learning characteristic, for instance, in psychological level, adult understanding ability is stronger, learn to compare self-discipline; But its physiological conditions gradually increases with age, such as listening, memory decline, imitate ability, all these have a negative effect on English learning. So how to make these students learning benefit, output greater than the input? The author thinks that structure - of communicative teaching method and its application are student’s best medicine.

Surfactants are basic cleaning agents in soaps and detergents. Most surfactants are less toxic to aquatic organisms due to their surface activity which will react with the biological membranes of the organisms. The study of surfactant materials along with the other additive compounds seeks more attention because of their increasing industrial and domestic applications. Dyes and enzymes which are the important ingredient in detergents have their own cleaning properties. Nowdays, lipases stand amongst the most important biocatalysts carrying out novel reactions in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. They also possess massive applications in various areas of industrial microbiology and biotechnology. This statement is well documented by the enormous number of research investigations undertaken in the last one and a half decades. Lipases show immense versatility regarding their catalytic behaviour. Therefore, there is a lot of scope to search for newer lipases with desired selectivity and substrate tolerance. The present study is an attempt to investigate the thermodynamic properties like internal pressure, free volume, ??i, molar and molal hydration numbers of anionic surfactant SDS with sodium sulphate in the presence of dye (methylene blue) and an enzyme (lipase) at 303K, 313K and 323K temperatures. The determination of the above properties has thrown light into the various types of molecular interactions existing in aqueous ternary solutions.

Economic effects of human beings have been always focused on how to obtain the best results b using the least possibilities and factors available, such tendency can be called "attainment of higher efficiency and productivity". Productivity is a comprehensive concept encompassing efficiency an increase in which is taken into account by politic and economic authorities continuously in order to promote standard of living of, welfare of, and relaxation and peace of people. Some consider survival and persistence of a politico-economic system dependent on productivity. One way to increase productivity is privatization and free trade. Present research focuses on effects of these 2 variables on each other. Subject of this research is to study effects of privatization on total productivity of production factors in in Mellat Bank and its aim is to analyze productivity after Mellat Bank was privatized in order for resulting outcomes to create clearer outlook and wider perspective in front of managers. Considering research aim and subject, this research used descriptive-analytical method. In present research, inputs and outputs of 48 Mellat Bank of Kermanshah province were studied in 2 time intervals: one related to pre-privatization time (2005-2007) and other to post-privatization time (2009-2011) of Mellat Bank. This research inputs include personnel, administrative, and operational costs while outputs include volumes of deposits, facilities, and services provided. Data was analyzed by using MalmQuist index and data coverage analysis with EMS and GAMS software. Then, hypotheses were tested by SPSS software. Research results indicate that, following privatization, total productivity index and human force productivity increased significantly and it was found that technological changes relate directly to the level of productivity so that enhanced technology level can increase productivity level.

N- Maleilated chitosan was synthesized by reaction of chitosan with maleic anhydride (MA) in N, N-dimethyl formamide. N-Maleilated chitosan – g – (methyl methacrylate) co-polymer was prepared via free radical polymerization using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as the initiator. The effect of polymerization variables including initiator concentration, monomer concentration and reaction temperature on grafting percentage were studied. It was found that the grafting yield and grafting efficiency were increased with increasing the polymerization variables and then decreased. The grafting was maximum at 1.6g of initiator (CAN), 2g of the monomer (Methyl methacrylate) at 70⁰c. The co-polymer obtained was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, TGA, DSC analysis. This graft co-polymer was used as an adsorbent in dye effluent treatment. It was more efficient than parent chitosan. Equilibrium sorption experiments were carried out. The experimental data was successfully fitted to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

As a result of one-pot three-component reaction of ketoaziridines with two aromatic aldehydes in presence of ammonium acetate 1,3-diazabicylo[3.1.0]hex-3-ene derivatives were achieved. These compounds exhibit good photochromic behavior in solution and crystalline phase. The photochromic behavior of compounds 4(a-e) was investigated using absorption spectral changes.

Nickel (II) mixed chelates of Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and aniline with various dithiocarbamate ligands have been characterized by metal analysis, microbial activity, solubility, infrared and electronic spectral measurements. The compounds were generally insoluble in water and soluble in some solvents. The metal analysis gave values close to the expected percentage metal values confirming the coordination of the nickel metal in the complexes. The interpretation of the infrared spectra of the complexes showed that the two uninegative ligands coordinate to the metal ions in their complexes in a bidentate mode, the dithiocarbamate ligands binding through both sulphur atom and the Schiff base through the azomethine nitrogen and phenolic oxygen. The electronic spectra revealed that the nickel complexes are typical of square planar as evidenced by the presence of two d-d absorption bands. The synthesized compounds showed moderate to high antibacterial activity against the test bacteria and can be effective as antibiotics.

During the recent decade, the anthropogenic activities have become dominating factor towards the problem of climate variability and change. This climate variability has become the centre of many scientific studies. The objective of this paper was to investigate the total wheat yield during the time period of 1989-2009 and the overall impact of climate on the wheat yield in the provinces of Pakistan. The key meteorological variables that influenced the wheat yield were identified, the correlation and regression functions between climate relevant wheat yield and these variables were established. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between wheat yield and climatic variable and regression analysis revealed that high level of variance in wheat production could be explained by climatic parameters under study. The findings of the research suggested an intensification of research as well as the appropriate measures at raising wheat yields.

The purpose of the present research was to study the effect of therapeutic horseback riding on repetitive behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorders. It was quasi experimental with one group Pre and Post Test design. The samples were 6 children with autism spectrum disorders selected through available method in a special education center for autistic children in Shiraz, Iran. All the participants had pre-test and then therapeutic horseback riding intervention for one month (consisting of two 45 minute session of riding per week) and finally post-test was administered. Bodfish et al (2002) revised repetitive behaviors scale was used to assess children’s repetitive behaviors. Paired-samples T Test was utilized to analyze the data. The results showed that therapeutic horseback riding decreases the repetitive behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorders significantly. It can be concluded that therapeutic horseback riding has a positive effect on repetitive behaviors improvement.