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A "Mobile Ad hoc Network" (MANET) is an independent system where mobile hosts are connected by wireless links without any of the preexisting administration. Each node acts as a host and sometimes as a router to forward packets to other nodes. So Routing protocol plays an important role in MANETs because it is designed with self-motivated topology, mobile host, distributed environment and limited battery power. In previous researches, a lot of routing protocols were developed for MANETs such as CGSR, DSR and ZRP. This paper evaluates these protocols by on their uniqueness, functionalities, pros and cons. This paper also emphasizes on enhancement of different protocol’s performance.

Conceptual graphs (CGs) are a system of logic based on the existential graphs of Charles Sanders Peirce and the semantic networks of artificial intelligence. They express meaning in a form that is logically precise, humanly readable, and computationally tractable. With a direct mapping to language, conceptual graphs serve as an intermediate language for translating computer-oriented formalisms to and from natural languages. With their graphic representation, they serve as a readable, but formal design and specification language. CGs have been implemented in a variety of projects for information retrieval, database design, expert systems, and natural language processing. The rough set philosophy is founded on the assumption that with every object of the universe of discourse we associate some information (data, knowledge). For example if objects are patients suffering from a certain disease symptoms of the disease form information about patients- Objects characterized by the same information are indiscernible similar in view of the available information about them. The indiscernibility relation generated in this way is the mathematical basis of rough set theory.

Wole Soyinka remains unarguably the most published and the most widely read/studied African author. As such, the price he has to pay for the popularity of his works is that various scholars across the globe tend to interpret them from different perspectives with the result that there seems to be no end to fresh insights being given his especially dramatic works some of which date as far back as 1950s. But, as Ogunbiyi (1981) notes, while some of Soyinka’s plays like The Lion and the Jewel make easy reading, others become almost incomprehensible to the majority of either audience or reader. Many studies into this “obscurantism” in Soyinka have been carried on from the linguistic and semiotic points of view. This study adds to the quest to explain away the source of difficulty level in Soyinka’s The Road. The researcher applies the text to Rowland Barthes’ theory in Narratology with the purpose to finding out how the symbolic character contributes to making the understanding of a literary text difficult.

This study aimed at researching and investigating the translation of interjections from English into Persian in drama from a skopos-based view. To carry out this study, ten dramas were chosen. Five out of these ten dramas have not been performed on any stages in Iran, but the remaining five dramas were performed at least once. Twenty most commonly used interjections in current English were elicited from Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2009) with their meanings. These interjections were searched in the dramas by the aid of computer softwares (AntConc© And adobe acrobat reader™). Then, the obtained interjections were analyzed through the strategies proposed by Cuenca (2002b). The statistical calculations showed that there is a significant difference between the literal translation and other strategies. This significant difference proved the main hypothesis of the study which was that the most common strategy used for translating interjections by the Persian translators is literal translation. The second hypothesis was proven too in that many interjections used in the Current Persian are the results of interference from English language.

The littoral region is an important interface between land and pelagic zone of water body. Bilavali lake, Indore is a shallow topical lake whose shoreline has dense population of Benthic invertebrate communities. The invertebrates are represented by Oligocheates- Dero dorsalis, Stylaria fossularis, Branchilodrillus semperi, Molluscs- Lymnea acuminata, Bellamya bengalenses, Digoniostoma pulchella, Melanoids tuberculatus, Thira scabra, Gyrallus sp. Pisssidium clakeanum and arthropods – Chironomus sp. Chaoboros sp. Etc. It is suggested that rich diversity of Benthic fauna of this lake is due to availability of food material and favorable environmental conditions and shoreline vegetation. Seasonal fluctuation in animal biomass is related to the physico-chemical factors and organic pollution.

Modern probability theory studies several processes for which the knowledge of previous outcomes influences predictions for future experiments. When we observe a sequence of chance experiments, all of the past outcomes could influence our predictions for the next experiment. In this work, our aim is to discuss the properties of the Markov Chain model applied to the data set which includes the details on smoking cessation of U.S.A. adults. In this set of data, the selected possible outcomes are, an adult being a non – smoker (A),a smoker who is interested in quitting (B),a smoker who is not interested in quitting (C). All the data was taken from CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly reports 2011 and 2009. Using the information given in the data set, the transition probabilities of matrix P were calculated and they are PAA = 0.951, PBA = 0.062, PCA= 0, PAB= 0, PBB = 0.524, PCB = 0.879, PAC = 0.049, PBC = 0.414, PCC = 0.121. Since column entries of matrix P add up to 1 this is a stochastic matrix (a Transition matrix). Then, the probability vector for this study was obtained and named as X0, X0 = [ 0.794 ; 0.0933; 0.1127]; which explains the probability of non- smokers in 2008 = 0.794, probability of smokers who are interested in quitting 2008 = 0.0933, probability of smokers who are not interested in quitting 2008 = 0.1127. Furthermore, the properties of P were analyzed and regularity was determined and the equilibrium approach was calculated. Using this method smoking behavior of US adults was predicted. Our choice of transition probabilities for each outcome, lead to a regular transition matrix P. Hence, after 92 steps, the system converged to a steady state vector V = [0.4508; 0.3562; 0.1929]. This can be seen after 184 years. Therefore, mandatory actions can be taken to prevent tobacco smoking. All the matrix calculations were implemented by MATLAB software.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the IT Literacy in sport organizations' employees.So370 staff of these organizations were chosen as sample and answered to the researcher made questionnaire of IT Literacy. The opinions of the scope of experts were used in order to determine face and content validity. Confirmative and explorative factor analyses were used in order to determine construct validity. The reliability was determined by Chronbach ?. appropriate descriptive and referential statistics (multi-variate regression, ANOVA, MANOVA) were used. The findings demonstrated that the IT Literacy of sport organizations' employees had a moderate rate. The results of MONOVA demonstrated a significant difference between the subscales of the general Literacy of computer in sport organizations so that the IT Literacy of the sport federation employees was lower than that of the Ministry of Youth and Sport and the Principle Office of Physical Education. Regression analysis also demonstrated that all the subgroups of computer general Literacy were significant predictors for computer Literacy. Finally we should state that IT is considered as one of the most important indices of organizational progress and it should be part of the priorities of sport organizations to provide suitable circumstances in order for the employees to get familiar with it and promote the general IT Literacy.

The purpose of this study was to investigation into the role of the storytelling on Social Skills in preschoolers. The study adopted the quasi-experimental method, and performed the pretest-posttest and follow-up test model without a control group. The sample size included 15 children that were selected by random sampling in three preschooler centers in the Ghasre Shirin city in Iran. we used the teacher form of SSRS (SSRS-T) includes three social skills subscales: Cooperation, Assertion, and Self-Control. .Experimental design for a month, and was performed and lasted for 12 sessions on the experimental group. After a week the Social Skills posttest and after 3 month the follow-up test were administrated on the subjects. The obtained data were analysed using the Descriptive Statistics and T-Test, showed that the difference between pretest, posttest and follow-up test in the experimental group, and creative storytelling as a new intervention , which that was used for the first time in Iran, enhanced social skills and its subscales: (Cooperation, Assertion, and Self-Control). The results showed effectivity and using of storytelling in the developing process social skills, and showed the effect storytelling, remained stable in the three-month follow-up.

In today’s modern and digital world countless milestones have been achieved by the human. Technology has completely enveloped us in some way or the other. Hence if there is not complete dependency but most it is on the use of technology. For example, communicating with someone using a device is technology. Today, there are endless organizations that are maneuvering in recent advancements in technology. Among these the one which concerns us is to secure information or data on the network. Network security is the most functional requirement of any system. So the question arises that how to secure the data on the network from the intruder. There are innumerable intrusion detection techniques to detect the intrusion in the system. This paper deals with some handful of the techniques with which we can secure our data on the network.

Talking about Arabic language invokes mixed feelings in Iranians. On the negative plane, it brings to mind bitter memories of Arab invasion a millennia ago, when they dominated the empire of Persia for three centuries during which radical changes to the language and culture of Persia were engineered. On the positive side, Arabic is the medium of all religious occasions, and enjoys an air of awe, authority, and sacredness to it. This situation makes Arabic unapproachable and innovations and changes to Arabic language policy and its related educational policies difficult, dangerous, and complicated because one easily runs the risk of being accused of hostility, heresy, or conspiracy against a sacred language. It is for this same reason that the major agency responsible for policy planning and implementation about Arabic resides outside of the organizations commonly in charge of language and educational planning; the responsibility lies with the seminary and other religious circles and anyone outside of that circle talking differently about the language, no matter what his professional credentials are, is considered an intruder and is seen with suspicion. In such an ideologically-driven atmosphere, disentangling beliefs from facts proves daunting. As a consequence, despite its prevalence, the quality of Arabic language teaching in Iran remains a mystery, as no serious large-scale study aiming to subject it to empirical investigation has yet been carried out. Aiming at filling this lacuna, we undertook a study in the hope that we may throw some light on of Arabic language teaching (ALT, henceforth). Our study was informed by theories and practices commonly in vogue in teaching other modern languages, particularly English. Collecting data from a survey administered to 53 Arabic teachers, we found that ALT is a different world from ELT in its various dimensions and it clearly fails to meet the standards of modern language teaching orthodoxy. Teachers were found to be lacking the minimum requirements of language teachers such as proficiency, language teaching methodology knowledge base, and the basics of linguistic knowledge needed for a language teacher.