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The organizations are interacting with suppliers, customers and even competitors in order to achieve the customer satisfaction as well as the greater success and profitability in the new commercial environment. Supply chain management is the most important part of the company’s strategy to optimize the planning and implementation of the processes to respond to the market changes and it will not be possible without the efficient and effective internal process. Certainly, to ensure effectiveness of the integrated processes, they should be periodically evaluated by some indicators. Therefore, this study has discussed the effectiveness of supply chain management using the balanced scorecard methodology, to do which a goal programming model is presented to minimize sum of deviations. In this study, first, the indices affecting the four perspectives (financial, customer, internal process and learning and growth) of balanced scorecard in ISACO Corporation are identified. Then, the weight and prioritization of the indices affecting the four perspectives of balanced scorecard are calculated, and then, the distance of performance of each one of the perspectives of balanced scorecard from the goals of the studied company has been measured. In addition, the goal programming model is presented to evaluate the effectiveness of supply chain in order to minimize sum of absolute deviations using the goal programming model.

The diversity and population density distribution survey of primate was conducted in Sambisa Game Reserve. The study noted three diverse primate species dominant that include Baboon (Papio anubis), Tantalus monkey (Cercopithecus tantalus) and Red patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas). The aim of the study was to determine density estimate, population structure and the relative abundance between species and habitat disturbances. Information on the objectives of this study is not sufficiently documented, it is therefore right to carry out such study so as to provide baseline information that could be used to plan conservation management strategies for primate. The line transect sampling method was used for the enumeration. The data obtained was analysed using the software package DISTANCE 6.0 to determine population density estimate. The result showed that primate population was concentrated in three ranges of the reserve (Kwada, Yuwe and Jeltere). Balda range has suffered habitat disturbances resulting into insignificant number of primate. The mean encounter rates (MERs) for the three species were 1.85km-1, 0.94/km-1 and 1.58km-1 for baboon, Patas monkey and Tantalus monkey respectively. Baboon had the highest estimated density of about 12km-2. The estimated density of Tantalus monkey in the study area was about 11km-2. Patas monkey had a density estimate of about 7km-2. There was a significant difference in the pattern of primate species densities for morning and evening count. The result indicated less activity in the evening for all the 3 primate species in the study area. The mean encounter rate for Baboon were 1.15 km-1 (n=110) and 0.71 km-1 (n= 68) individual animals for morning and evening sightings respectively. Similar results were obtained for the density estimate of both Tantalus and Patas monkey. The relative density for the three primate species across the four ranges in the reserve revealed that Baboon was not recorded in Balda range and only 2 individuals sighted in Jeltere. Kwada and yuwe ranges had the highest abundance of 119 and 57 individuals sighted respectively. The population structure showed declining trend as number of juveniles was relatively lower than adult population. However, the relatively higher percentage of female adults may result in population growth, if majority of them are within the breeding age. The diversity of primates in Sambisa Game Reserve is distributed throughout the reserve within a wide range of habitat types. The highest numbers of primate species were found in the centre of the reserve (Kwada and Yuwe) where habitat disturbances were controlled.

The shortcomings of Code model of communication have motivated the scholars of the field to adopt more adequate models including the inferential model and Relevance Theory which seem to be more appropriate ones (Gutt, 1992). Based on the fact that translation is expression of intentions and the act of reading it is recognition of those intentions, and the presumption that a considerable number of Farsi translations of English novels are not successful in this bi-lateral process (Mollanazar, 2001), this study was conducted in order to detect a number of impeding factors in that process as well as some procedures to avoid them. The researcher selected 10 sample excerpts from Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and 2 Farsi translations of each text. In the next step, 7 professors of Translation Studies were asked to analyze the selected excerpts and list the effort-increasing factors based on the criteria adapted from vandijk (1979). According to the results of the study at 2 levels of Phonology and Semantics there were specific factors which decreased the relevance level of the text. Considering the raters’ notes and analysing the excerpts, the researcher also proposed a number of instructions on the way such obstacles can be avoided in translation.

Wetlands are among the most productive life-support systems in the world and are of immense socio-economic and ecological importance to mankind. These are areas where water is the primary factors controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life. They occur where the water table is at or near the surface of the land, or where the land is covered by shallow water. They are critical for the maintenance of biodiversity and perform a great role in the biosphere. Ironically, wetlands have been perceived as wastelands associated with disease, difficulty and danger. Emphasizing the negative impacts and ignoring their importance, these habitats were considered obstacles in the path of progress and hence drained, filled, despoiled and degraded for economic gains. The wetland loss has been responsible for bringing to the verge of extinction countless species of animals and plants. Inadequate understanding of the crucial role and utility of wetlands is a matter of serious concern. In the present paper, seven types of wetlands are compared in terms of their potentiality and economic advantages with tropical sea grass bed with highest productivity and estuarine mangrove wetland with lowest one.

The trend of the integration of trade and investment makes many inconsistent conclusions of the research on the relationship between economic growth and single trade or foreign direct investment. The combinability of industry internationalization patterns, for import, export and FDI of inflow and outflow, as well as their dynamic evolution law determines the nonlinear characteristic of internationalization growth effect. By putting the four internationalization patterns into a uniform production function and using Zhejiang manufacturing industry data of the year from 2002 to 2008, this paper does an empirical research on the non-linear relationship between the growth of Zhejiang manufacturing industry and the three kinds of internationalization patterns, namely, import, FDI and export. It is indicated that there exists a U-shaped relationship between Zhejiang manufacturing industry growth and the dependence of import and FDI, while an inverted U-shaped relationship between Zhejiang manufacturing industry growth and export dependence. In the present Zhejiang manufacturing industry, export can promote the growth of most manufacturing industry. But import and FDI are not conducive to the growth. The future internationalization development should enhance export and FDI level to exceed its critical value. Besides, export of most industry need to prevent the excessive growth and overleap the critical value of growth promotion too early. It’s concluded that now China government must adjust the policy of export, import and FDI and consider the differentiation between different industries.

Respiratory disease incidence can be closely associated with designs of windows and lighting aspects in relation to some house structure dimensions. The aim was to compare the levels of respiratory disease incidences with the lighting designs at the study area, namely Gadamoji Division of the hilly Marsabit subcounty, an Arid and Semi-arid area, Kenya. To form a basis for comparison, rural appraisal tools were used to gather domestic health information from which, the position and extent of respiratory conditions were determined. Using similar tools for the same sampling units, data on housing design and lighting design were collected. Data were analysed using comparative techniques. The study categorized four major housing designs, four major designs of indoor lighting systems and three main sources of lighting fuels. Results showed that respiratory disease incidences were higher in traditional households and households which utilized wood fuel and kerosene in can lamps and lanterns respectively.

Square is most likely the first among the urban spaces created by human. It is definite that the more the functional flexibility of square is, the more ability it will have to stimulate people from different ages and levels to come more often there. Unfortunately, removing public activities of the square in modern age has made it lose its main role in encouraging social delight, social- cultural, interaction and social solidarity. Naghsh-e-Jahan square is a trace of worthwhile squares in Iran that its unique role has been neglected because of irresponsible interventions. In the present research, descriptive procedure with case study had been used. People’s priorities have been asset by statistical questionnaires consists of 10 questions. Questionnaires filled out by both locals (n=70) & tourists (n=35) in 2010. According to the criteria research and the results of questionnaires, socio-cultural & physical design recommendations are suggested for the future planning and designs in the square.

This paper aims to integrate Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Digital Image Processing (DIP) techniques for the identification of flood affected areas and flood damage assessment along the Indus River as a result of flood in the year 2005 due to abrupt snow melt in the northern areas of Pakistan. Snow melt in northern areas of Pakistan was the main cause of flooding in the year 2005, using ER Mapper Image Processing software, study of temporal changes of snow cover has also been carried out by calculating the snow cover area in the month of February for different years i.e. 2004, 2005 and 2006 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) onboard Aqua and TERRA satellites data. This showed that snow covered areas for the mentioned years were 56203, 67853 and 58642 sq km respectively. Calculations also reveal that the snowfall was maximum in the year 2005. Using satellite images of MODIS for May and July 2005 covering the area along the Indus from Chashma to Sukkur Barrage showed that this flood had caused huge damage in many cities of Punjab and Sindh provinces. Using images pertaining to pre and post-flooding periods, the evaluated flooded area between Chashma Barrage and Sukkur Barrage comes out to be approximately 6428 sq km (excluding the normal flow area which is 1359 sq km).

The present study investigates the relationship between corporate governance profile of acquiring firms and operating performance changes associated with merger and acquisitions in Pakistan. The financial sector mergers and acquisitions have been selected as sample transactions for the period of 1996 to 2008 and two years pre- and post-merger analysis has been conducted by using OLS regression. The estimated results indicated that post-merger operating performance of acquiring firms is positively related to its pre-merger level. Moreover, board size and CEO duality are negatively while board independence, outside dominated boards, and presence of large independent blockholder are positively related to change in post-merger operating performance of acquiring firms in Pakistan. The results were also robust with an alternative dependent variable of change in market value of acquiring firms. The results from replaced dependent variable were found to be more strong and cohesive with corporate governance profile of acquiring firms. Aligned with the existing literature, the study concluded that effective corporate governance mechanism does play its role in aligning the interests of managers with shareholders and enhances value for firms, particularly in large scale transactions of mergers and acquisitions.