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We are very happy to announce that from 5th April 2016, Dr. Sachin Kumar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Electronics. Dr. Sachin Kumar working as Assistant Professor (AP-III) in Department of Electronics and Communication, Amity School of Engineering and Technology, Amity University Lucknow Campus, Lucknow (U.P.), India. The appointment of Dr. Sachin Kumar as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 9th June 2016, Dr. Sanjay Sharma has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Mathematics. Dr. Sanjay Sharma working as Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics Roorkee Engineering and Management Technology Institute (REMTech), Shamli (U.P). The appointment of Dr. Sanjay Sharma as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 11th February 2016, Dr.Hussain S. Hasan has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Electron Optics. Dr.Hussain S. Hasan working as Assistant professor to teach the experimental part of Computer subject in Computer Unit for College of Medicine Students. The appointment of Dr.Hussain S. Hasan as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

Education is a process whereby an individual acquires positive changes in behaviour geared towards contributing positive development top himself and the society in which he lives. It is a necessary weapon that can be used to surmount ignorance, poverty and disease and to produce functional citizens with positive attitudes towards loving what they ought to love and hating what they ought to hate, Enaibe & Imonivwerha (2007:10). This paper focuses, on the importance of education in improving the socio-economic development of individual’s with special reference to the socio-economic development of women (girl child) in the society. Poverty is an offspring of under-development as equal education is the way out of the women’s plight and their contribution to, sustainable socio-economic development. When a girl child is educated the whole family, state and nation is educated. Without education there can be no meaningful development in any nation. Some useful suggestions were made and conclusion drawn that education for sure enhances the socio-economic development of the citizenry.

In this study the temporal variations in field soil respiration were investigated over a two year period, together with laboratory soil respiration rates in a park grassland at University of Essex, UK. Field soil respiration was measured with portable environmental gas monitor, while laboratory soil respiration was by incubation and titrimetric methods. Field soil respiration varied over time of day, sites and seasons, with the summer months recording the highest respiratory activity (127.8 and 69.8 mmol m-2 h-1 over two years respectively) while the winter months recorded the lowest field soil respiration rates (27.2 and 29.8 mmol m-2 h-1 for the same periods respectively). Soil temperature and water filled pore spaces (WFPS) also varied seasonally with highest temperature and lowest WFPS recorded in the summer months. Field soil respiration was dependent on either soil temperature or WFPS in first year only. A multiple regression analysis also recorded a significant relation between field soil respiration, temperature and WFPS (R2 multiple = 0.5, FSR = 45.6 + 10.5T + 86.9 WFPS mmol CO2 m-2 h-1) for the two years. Laboratory measurements are vital for explaining the factors that influence C-fluxes in the field.

Root-knot nematodes modify plants root tissue and decrease plant growth and ultimately the crop yield the severity of crops loss resulting from root-knot nematode attack in the field is influenced by many biological and physiological factors. Though most of the researchers have investigated that leaves, roots are valuable constituents of the plants for nematicidal activities. Hence, the present study the biochemical characteristics like phenol, nitrate reductase activity and total chlorophyll content of horse gram, Macrotyloma uniflorum on infected with Meloidogyne incognita treated with leaf extract of Aegle marmelos. The biochemical constituents like nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content were increased by increasing concentration of leaf extract treated plants and it is decreased by increasing level of egg masses (5, 10 and 15) inoculated control than non- inoculated control except phenol.

The scourge of poverty and the rate at which the figure is growing has necessitated the establishment of many anti-poverty programmes by different administrations in Nigeria. As at 2010 the number of Nigerians living below poverty line stood at 72 million, this then means that nearly half of Nigeria Population of 160 million is living below poverty line with all the anti-poverty programmes put in place. This figure is still on the increase. Microfinance Banking is the most recent and the only anti-poverty programme that combines financial intermediation with provision of financial services to the poor in the society. This paper therefore examined the role of Microfinance Bank’s operations on poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Data for the study were generated via secondary sources. The study built a regression model in line with the hypotheses. SPSS package version 17.0 was used. We tested for and corrected Autocorrelation and Muiticoliinearity. Our findings were as follows: the operations of MFBs have played significant role in poverty reduction in Nigeria, loans and advances of MFBs have significant negative impact on poverty alleviation. Some of our of our findings were in agreement with the objectives of MFB, while those that were not in agreement reflect the peculiar circumstances of the operations of microfinance banking in Nigeria. Since the government of Nigeria is interested in alleviating poverty, this work will be of immense help. The government can support Microfinance development by promoting macroeconomic stability, and avoiding interest rate caps and high inflation, ensure that the benefits of Microfinance banking are targeted at the core poor.

The germination study was made to understand the genetic variability in Zea mays (L.) variety JKMH-1001which was subjected to chemical mutagenic treatments for two generations. The chemical mutagens namely, EMS, DES and Sodium azide were used. The mutagen treated seeds were tested for lethal dose of 50 per cent for all mutagens, separately and the dose at which 50 per cent of the seed germination was considered as LD50 values were grown in the field. The spectrum of chlorophyll mutation consisted of albino, chlorina, viridis and xandha. The morphological mutations observed at tall, dwarf, early maturity, late maturity, triangular leaf, bold size seed, long ear, short ear and male sterility in all the concentration recorded. In EMS was found to be more effective and efficient than the other mutagens. The effectiveness was producing germination and chlorophyll mutants. Effectiveness means frequency of mutations induced by unit dose/concentration of a mutagen. The efficiency means undesirable biological effect like lethality and sterility caused by the mutagen. The effectiveness and efficiency generally decreased with increased in the higher doses of the mutagens in certain level.

Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) was field grown at population densities of 10.0, 13.3, 17.8, 20.0, 26.7 and 40.0 x 103 plants/ha and evaluated for herbage yield and quality 63 days after planting. Dry matter (DM) yield of all the plant components examined increased up to a density of 26.7 x 103 plants/ha and then declined. The leaf fraction and the total plant recorded maximum of 3698 and 5787 Kg DM/ha respectively. As population density increased, the leaf: stem ratio decreased from 2.7 to 2.0 to 1.6. The leaf blade, leaf stalk, stem (main stem and young branches) and developing inflorescences fraction registered averages of 24.5, 8.6, 7.8 and 17.8 % crude protein respectively. It could be concluded that Jack bean has the potential to serve as supplement to low quality ruminant feed sources.

The research is to investigate the denitrosation of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by the mitochondrial fractions (MF) and post-mitochondrial fractions (PMF) of liver, kidney, spleen and testes of rats and to determine the level of toxicity in these organs. In the first part of the work, a group of male albino rats (5 rats) was used to obtain the organs whose homogenates were used for the Kinetic experiments. In the second part, two groups were used. One group was group was treated with 2.5mg/kg NDMA twice per week for four weeks, while the other group was the control. The organs obtained from the rats were used for histology and biochemical parameters (ALT, AST and GGT). In the four organs, the level of nitrite was found to be higher in the MF than PMF. The (Km) values of denitrosation were lower in the MF than the PMF. The Km values for the MF of the kidney, spleen and testes were calculated to be 0.005, 0.004, 0.004 and 0.005 ?M, respectively, while the Km values for the PMF were calculated to be 0.013, 0.025, 0.007 and 0.033 ?M, respectively. The activities of ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in serum and liver were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the NDMA-treated rats than controls. Histology showed the presence of shrunken hepatocytes in liver, interstitial cellular infiltration in kidney, lymphoid depletion in spleen, and severe subcapsular congestion in the testes of NDMA-treated rats, compared with controls. This research shows that NDMA denitrosating enzymes in the MF have greater affinity for NDMA than the same enzymes in the PMF, It also shows that NDMA at a low dose could induce toxicity in the spleen, kidney, testes, as well as liver.