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Lignin is a major component of wood, which is recalcitrant in nature and is not easily degraded. Its recycling is essential for the carbon cycle. Waste products from paper, pulp and wood industries impair with soil and water bodies leading to accumulation of lignin. In this review various effective physical, chemical, physico- chemical, thermo- chemicals and electrical method are discussed for lignin removal along with biological deterioration of lignin with the help of organisms (insects, fungus and bacteria). Use of microbes and insect for lignin deterioration is termed as lignin biodegradation. Lignin degradation with the help of fungi is well studied but much less studied in bacteria and insects. The present review deals with the biodegradation of lignin with the help of microbes.

Methyl-2-dihydroxyphenylsulfide was synthesized with the aim of characterizing antioxidant action. Its ability to break off oxidation chain in the reaction with peroxide radicals, as well as parameter of f•k which characterizes inhibiting activity of inhibitor, were studied.

The novel ligand complexes of Cu(II),Fe(II),Co(II) and Bi(V) with biological active streptomycin and oxime were prepared and characterized by spectral techniques. The cell parameters was determined by X-ray powder pattern and the molecular models represents a better understanding of the arrangement of the atoms in the molecules in three dimensions.

The main aim of this study is analysis of job satisfaction and emotional intelligence between staffs in private banks in Kermanshah. This study is according to descriptive analysis and reaching branch and information gathering tools is questionnaire and for assessing job satisfaction we use briefed and worth 18 questionnaires and for assessing emotional intelligence we use Mayer and Salvoy 27questionaries. Sample population volume 270 subjects from staff's private banks in Kermanshah and according to sampling random way some of them had been chosen a stoical population and finally we collected 92 questions airs. For determining normality of data we use Kolmogorov -Simonov test and results of tests confirm normality of data so meaningful relationship between them had approved.

An attempt has been made to determine a distribution pattern of watermoulds in slightly acidic (pH 6.5 – 7.0), near neutral (pH 7.0 – 7.5), slightly alkaline (pH 7.5 – 8.0) and moderately alkaline (pH 8.0 – 8.5) soils in Gorakhpur (India). The watermoulds, belonging to Saprolegniaceae and Blastocladiaceae families, have shown a variable occurrence in the soils of varying pH from slightly acidic to moderately alkaline. Pythiopsis cymosa has been classified under slightly acidic soil type whereas Allomyces arbuscula, Allomyces moniliformis and Allomyces javanicus, all belonging to family Blastocladiaceae, have been found to be distributed within slightly acidic to neutral (pH 6.5 – 7.5) soils. Saprolegnia diclina and Saprolegnia ferax were restricted to neutral to slightly alkaline (7.0 – 8.0) soil pH whereas Achlya orion, Achlya diffusa and Brevilegnia spp. (unidentified species of Brevilegnia) have been classified as constant type. The present studies indicate Aphanomyces laevis to be characteristic of neutral to moderately alkaline (7.0 – 8.5 pH) soils and Brevilegnia bispora and Brevilegnia indica as slightly alkaline type (7.5 – 8.0 pH). In vitro variable pH experiments have shown that the watermoulds itself modify the pH of the medium and, then develop different stages of their life cycle or vice versa. Temperature has been found to modify the pH of pure water, pond water and soil-extract water and therefore, this distinctly identifies the importance of temperature in pH mediated distribution of watermoulds.

The aim of this paper is to bring the National and Spiritual identities, which are portrayed in the novel “Kanthapura” (1938) by Raja Rao. He focuses on two individual leaders and their beliefs, the actual and the mythicized figure of Gandhi, and his transmutation into Moorthy, the saintly hero of the novel. Yet interestingly he never has an actual meeting with Gandhi. He has only seen him in a ‘vision’ addressing a public meeting with him pushing his way through the crowd and joining the band of volunteers and receiving inspiration by a touch of Gandhi’s hand. The influence of Mahatma Gandhi’s practical philosophy and the social and the political aspects of his working programme are immense on the novel.

This paper examines the role of financial development in economic growth of Pakistan. We have generated financial development index for capturing the financial development in Pakistan, along with financial development we have also chosen some explanatory variables which are closely related to economic growth. We have used annual time series data from 1972 to 2013 and used ARDL model for empirical analysis. The result of our study states that financial development is positively related with economic growth.

In this paper the thermodynamic evaluation of cooling with process heat for industrial application in India has been investigated to identify the effects of various operating parameters. In this system simultaneous production of vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) cooling and process heat from different heat sources with higher energy efficiency take place. This is one of the solutions to fulfill energy requirements from solar energy and also helps in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. The VAR cooling system operates using the heat taken from parabolic trough collector and condenser heat of the VAR cooling system is used in process heat for various applications as per demand requirement. Though the production of cooling effect decreases due to extraction of heat from condenser for process heat application i.e. specifically in dairy industry, the complete cycle meets the energy requirements in industrial sector & also increases the overall efficiency. The different parametric study is also carried out to simulate the results of various useful outputs by varying various input points.

One of the most outrageous human rights violations of 21st century is the violations suffered by human trafficked victims, the violations are often in three stages: first by the traffickers who capture, enslave and exploit individual directly or sell them to be used in industries and jobs for cheap labor and services, second is the destination countries where victims are been exploited in labor yet denied all legal recognition as victim of crime rather is treated as criminal- illegal migrant who is deported without any chance of fair hearing and finally the third is the home country of victims of trafficking that denied victims the required legal assistance in prosecuting traffickers, rehabilitation and reintegration of victims back into the society . In most cases victims of human trafficking in addition to the physical and mental damages suffered during traffic process, are also being prosecuted and punished for the criminal acts perpetuated as a result of being trafficked or deported for being illegal migrant without any chance of fear hearing. In discussing the above topic, it is important to know the true concept of human trafficking under international and domestic laws of our discussion, their legal status and involvement crimes, and if they could possibly be prosecuted for crimes committed during their trafficking period.

Agriculture and technological gadgets rule the world. No agriculture, no food. No technological gadgets, no civilisation. Agriculture as the ancient of civilisation is on threshold competition with high-tech gadgets. Everywhere, Money! Money! Money, but none for 99% of world population of over 6 billion. Only 1% of world population control world wealth of over US$251 trillion. Of this wealth high-tech gadgets account for over 90%. Agricultural products remain the least priced, but remains the most essential. Yet, high tech gadgets take the whole earnings from agriculture and add to their own empire. In view of the fact that high tech money monguls, must also feed and be happy with agriculture, and not from gadgets; they need to invest in agriculture and feed a hungry world with just 1% of their fortune. Nevertheless, agriculture and high tech gadgets must live and let live for a better world.