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This paper has attempted to provide estimates of the size of the underground economy and estimated tax evasion in Ghana from 1990 to 2010 which have received little consideration. The Stock-Watson DOLS estimate for currency demand was employed. Our estimates suggest that underground economy is quite large accounting for about 48% of the official economy on the average. These results are consistent with the stylised fact about the Ghanaian economy, in particular the large number of persons employed in small business and trading versus the number of tax returns filed on an annual basis and also claiming to have incomes way below taxable levels. The estimated evaded tax ranges from 4% to about 14% of the official economy and higher budgetary supports and loans contracted in a year. The implication is that any success made in reducing such leakages may have positive effect on fiscal and monetary policy.

External assistance is considered a significant factor in the economic development of Bangladesh in order to bridge the gap between savings and investments along with balance of payment situation. From the viewpoint of understanding vulnerability, there is analytical interest in the potential impact of contingent liabilities on an economy. Sustainable debt is the level of debt which allows a debtor country to meet its current and future debt service obligations in full, without recourse to further debt rescheduling, avoiding accumulation of arrears, while allowing an acceptable level of economic growth. Currently Bangladesh is spending a significant portion of its potential resources and revenue in terms of debt service. Although the country is solvent in external debt burden, there exist concerns for future stability of this sustainability without hampering the necessary expenditure in other important sectors. In Bangladesh the financial support from donor has tended to decline, reflecting more difficult budgetary conditions and a general disappointment with the results of external aid among development partners.

This paper discusses the benefit of extra-curricular activities in social skills among students in Malaysia. Student’s participation in extra- curricular activities can increase the social skills in terms of self-confidence, building relationship with the others, collaboration, etc. On the other hand, it can develop positive relationship outside the classroom environment and act as a catalyst for social skills. What's more, through additional curricular exercises, the creation of phenomenal human capital from the physical, passionate, otherworldly and scholarly perspective can be produced.

To evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of delonix regia against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced in albino rats by p.o of paracetamol (2gm/kg for 3 days). The aqueous extract of delonix regia was administered to the experimental animals at two selected doses for 14 days. The hepatoprotective activity of the extract was evaluated by the liver function marker enzymes in the serum (asparitate transaminases AST, alanine transaminase ALT, alkaline phosphatase ALK.P, total bilirubin TB, and histopathological studies of liver. Both the treatment groups showed hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity by significantly restoring the levels of serum enzymes to normal which was comparable to that of silymarin group. The oral administration of delonix regia significantly ameliorates paracetamol hepatotoxicity in rats.

Computers have contributed immensely in the identification of plants, where a real world plant images are taken and processed to extract the data from the images. This technique can be extended up to forestry, farming, botany and many allied fields. The crop growth, health analysis, disease detection, cure and detoxification are the most common applications. Plants can be used as detoxification agents but a very few medicinal plants are identified, which are available in specific regions in forest. The tribal use particular medicinal plants in a very appropriate proportion to cure many diseases. If proper methodologies are found to identify the medicinal plants, it will definitely help humans to improve their life and cure the diseases. Therefore, the medicinal plants available in the forest region are reviewed and its identification techniques are studied to develop suitable approach to further improve the system.

Identification of influential factors of firms has always been one of the main concerns for both academics and practitioners in the realm of finance. The aim of this study is to identify the role of managers of the firms on this issue. Statistical society of this research is all the public equity firms of Tehran which are registered in Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample is 61 of those firms in different industries. Results show that those registered firms who have board of managers with more independency have reported more profit at the end of their financial year. Managerial implications are presented and directions for future studies are shown at the end of this research.

According to Freud the Oedipus Complex, manifests itself in the child around the age of five. It derives from the boy’s unconscious rivalry with the father for the love of his mother. Freud referred to the whole complex of feelings by the word "oedipal," naming the complex after the Greek tragic hero Oedipus, who unwittingly killed his father and married his mother. Fixation, according to Freud, is a source of disharmony of development when childish forms of libido persist. If there is frustration in the gratification of these forms of libido representing the vital needs in childhood, the individual’s development may be arrested or fixated and abnormalities may appear in the adult personality. These theories have gradually opened up a new awareness to understand and interpret certain plays of Eugene O’Neill. This paper intends to show how O’Neill presents the powerful motive of Oedipus and Electra complex, the incestuous relationship and fixation among characters in Desire Under the Elms, Strange Interlude, Dynamo, Mourning Becomes Electra.

The land use activities along River Nzoia Drainage Basin include intensive agricultural practices such as cultivation along the river banks, over grazing, deforestation and draining of wetlands for crop production. These activities have an impact on plant species richness. We quantified the effects of land use practices on plant species richness in Nzoia River Drainage Basin in Bungoma East District. Land use practices along the drainage basin were identified by actual surveying. Plant species were identified through quadrat method. Simpson's diversity index was then used to determine the plant species richness and species richness in each sample plot. Data was subjected to Analysis of Variance to test for the difference between treatment means at 5% level of significance and correlations analysis performed for significant land use practices and plant species richness. Land use practices identified included cultivation and grazing. Undisturbed sites were treated as control sites in the study. A total of 119 plant species from 27 families were recorded. Herbaceous plant species belonging to the following families; Asteraceae, Poaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, Commelinaceae and Moraceae comprised more than 65% of the total flora. Cultivation had a significant influence on species richness with a mean value of - 0.07929. Cultivation had negative correlation on plant species richness.

This study is a descriptive survey conducted on four primary schools based in the Kgalagadi North Sub-District in Botswana with purpose to cross-examine the instructional challenges faced by teachers based at schools in remote areas. After establishment of validity, interviews were conducted (individual and focus group). Results show that all the four remote schools sampled had homogeneous instructional challenges. Of the challenges, teachers identified discipline and academic challenges as a major factor in all the sampled schools. Even though parental support related challenges did not feature prominently in this study, the study identified that parents we not active in supporting their children in learning. The frequency of these challenges was found to be hampering positive academic output. These challenges were perceived to be capable of adversely affecting Botswana’s national objectives of Vision 2016 pillar of, an educated and informed nation. The study found out that learner achievement at remote schools is low and that parents are not actively involved in their children's education. The final thought of the study was that teachers based at remote schools need capacity building to deal with instructional challenges to enhance their effectiveness. On this ground, the researcher agrees with literature on the need for family learning as an approach to assist parents to support their children.

Nowadays, phasor measurement units are used in power networks for different purposes, such as Linearization of state estimation equations and speed improvement of controlling and protecting systems. Optimization of position and number of these equipments is considerably important because of their high costs. Effective parameters on position and number of PMUs optimization are: Network topology and zero injection buses in power networks. In this paper an objective function based on integer linear programming (ILP) is presented to determine the number and optimized position of PMUs, in order to complete observability of power systems. The effect of zero injection buses on objective function in power networks is evaluated. Simulation results are implemented in MATLAB software on the IEEE 14 buses system, and also 230kv and 400kv networks in Khouzestan province.