Pharmacy

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves and the roots of Flabellaria paniculata Cav. (Malpighiaceae) were studied using GC and GC-MS. The leaves oil contains twenty-four compounds which constituted about 91.2% of the oil. This was dominated by sesquiterpenoids (69.9%). The roots oil contains fourteen compounds which constituted about 96.2% of the oil. The roots oil was also dominated by diterpenes (84.1%). The topical anti-inflammatory effects of the two oils were assayed as inhibition of the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorobol-13 acetate (TPA) induced ear edema in mice. The oils at 5.0 and 2.5 mg dose levels exhibited more effect than indomethacin (0.25 mg) in reducing edema. The results demonstrated the leaves oil of Flabellaria paniculata has an anti-inflammatory agent, supporting the use of this plant in folk medicine. Aside these, other compounds were reported along with the anti-inflammatory activity and these seemed to receive no mention in any previous literature known to us and hence novel.

The present study investigates the anti-inflammatory activity of Hamelia patens leaf extracts using carrageenan induced paw edema in albino rats. This anti-inflammatory medicinal value of the Hamelia patens leaf has been mentioned in ancient literature. Dried leaves of Hamelia patens were crushed and the extract was prepared with ethanol using shaker. Indomethacin and Hamelia patens are compared in terms of their anti-inflammatory properties. Test groups were given standard Indomethacin (10mg/kg) and Hamelia patens leaf extract in 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg; after 1% Carrageenan (0.1 ml) injection. Hamelia patens leaf extract showed higher reduction in paw edema and potent anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with indomethacin. It also showed decrease in lipid peroxidation due to its anti-oxidative nature, leaving a large prospect for future anticancer research.

Today Medical science gives us quick relief but not the guarantee of health. For health guarantee, we need to approach holistic health care. The Indian traditional medicine has rich scientific heritage of healing humans. The system of medicines which are considered to be Indian in origin; or the systems of medicine which are practised abroad and got assimilated in to Indian culture are known as Indian Systems of Medicine. Nowadays, there is a drastic change in the use of medicine from modern medicine to Traditional system of medicine due to their adverse drug events. It is observed that the regulator is focused more on modern medicine than on AYUSH products. While international standards for good manufacturing practices (GMP) have been prescribed by the WHO for herbal medicines, AYUSH regulations was still short of international standards such as the GMP. Although, over the years the Department of AYUSH has taken several initiatives to streamline regulations regarding labelling, packaging, improving quality of formulations through maintenance of GMP requirements, setting up testing facilities, inspections, etc. We need to travel far ahead to ensure the availability of quality-assured drugs for consumption or trial. However, in the absence of proper standards, guidelines and regulatory mechanism, the industry has failed to gain credibility and make a mark in global markets.

The present study describes degradation of Lacosamide under various conditions like, oxidation, hydrolysis, and thermal stress conditions. The drug was found to hydrolyse in acidic and alkaline conditions and no degradation was found in thermal stress condition and oxidation. The separation of the drug and degradation product was successfully achieved on a C18 column utilizing water (0.1 % triethylamine and pH 3.0±0.05 was adjusted using Orthophosphoric acid 85%v/v) and methanol in the ratio of 70:30 v/v. The detection wavelength was 215 nm. The method was validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy, and specificity. The response was linear in concentration range of 1 - 20 µg/mL. The value of slope and correlation coefficient found to be 42506 and 0.9996 respectively. The R.S.D value for intra- and inter- day precision studies were <1.169 and <1.263, respectively. The recovery of the drug ranged between 98.81 and 101.76% from a mixture of degradation sample.

Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the chronic complications of diabetes which has more than 25% lifetime risk and it is the leading cause of non-traumatic lower limb amputation. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and associated factors among diabetic follow-up clinic attendees. A total of 261 study subjects were involved with a 100 % response rate. The mean age of the respondents was 51.13 + 12.581 years. The majority 176(67.4%) of the study subjects were males and most 159 61%) of the respondents were urban residents and the prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer was found to be 22.6%. Statistical analysis of the finding indicates poor foot care AOR 3.93295%CI (1.113,16.468, peripheral neuropathy AOR 6.223 95%CI (1.309,29.59), duration of diabetes ?10 years AOR 5.463 95%CI (2.603,28.013), HbA1c level ?7.0mg/dl AOR 68.404 95 CI (13.523,346.015), and overweight AOR 17.389 95%CI (2.979,101.505) had a statistically significant association with a diabetic foot ulcer. This study indicates a high prevalence rate of diabetic foot-ulcer and recommended to focus on the implementation of patient education in regard to prevention methods and in-service training for health care workers as part of capacity building.

Introduction: 103Pd brachytherapy sources are used normally in prostate and breast cancer therapy. For calculating the effect of source shield or applicators and dose distribution usually Monte Carlo codes such as MCNP and GEANT are applied. The aim of this work is to determine the dosimetric parameters of a 103Pd source in soft tissue phantom. Method: In this present work, we have used MCNP4C code to calculate relative dose in soft tissue phantom. We have calculated the dose distribution in soft tissue phantom with 1.04 g/cm3 density which is more accurate than water phantom for human tissue. Results: We have determined the isodose curves and anisotropy function, F(r,?), and radial dose function, g(r), which are important dosimetric parameters. Our result are in good agreement with others result. Conclusion: Dose deposition in high gradient region, near the source, can only be calculated accurately by Monte Carlo method. The obtained value of g(r) and F(1 cm, ?) as the TG-43 parameters for the source, are agree quite well with the result of others.

Ibopamine is currently used in ophthalmology. This molecule acts on both adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors. The adrenergic receptors are responsible for a marked mydriasis without accommodative paralysis, while the dopaminergic receptors promote the production of aqueous humor. That’s the reason why ibopamine may be useful for diagnostic purposes in ophthalmology. This short communication aims at presenting the most intriguing evidence on ibopamine and discusses the profile of patients who may be best suitable to this molecule.

Most ocular diseases are treated with topical application of eye drops. After instillation of an eye drop, typically less than 5% of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches intraocular tissues, while a major fraction of the instilled dose is absorbed and enters the systemic circulation. As ocular efficiency of topically applied drugs is influenced by the corneal contact time, most common method of improving ocular availability of drugs is to increase pre-corneal residence time by using vesicular system and hydrogel. One such approach to improve bioavailability of drug is the use of in-situ gelling system, which gets converted from sol-to-gel as a result of change in pH. By using Carbopol940 – a pH sensitive gelling agent, an attempt was made to develop niosomal in-situ gelling systems of Norfloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic; useful in the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis, to increase the ocular residence time of drug. HPMC K15M was incorporated as viscosity enhancing agent. The promising formulations M1, M2, M3 and M4 were evaluated for pH, drug content, in vitro gelation, in vitro drug release, in vivo drug release, viscosity and stability. Percent drug content of 82.5%, 86.7%, 85.3% and 90.8%; viscosity of 320cP, 405cP, 440cP and 500cP at 100 rotation per minute (RPM), cumulative percent release of 37.9%, 47.7%, 48.2% and 49.7%, was observed for formulation M1, M2, M3 and M4 respectively. The developed formulations were therapeutically efficacious, stable, non-irritant and provided sustained release of the drug for 12 hours.

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has increased dramatically in recent years because of their tendency to develop new strains under any circumstances and developing resistance against the available drugs. In spite of many significant advances in tuberculosis chemotherapy, the widespread use and misuse caused the emergence of bacterial resistance to drugs, In particular, the emergence of multidrug resistant and extensive drug resistance strains, which is a serious threat to public health. Therefore, recently attention has focused on the treatment of tuberculosis to against resistant mycobacterium species has become one of the most important areas. Therefore, in this article efforts have been directed toward exploring potential of ethambutol and its analogues as antitubercular agents. Although, there is an increasing resistance to antimicrobial drugs, to overcome the development of drug resistance it is necessary to synthesize new derivatives of antibacterial agent ethambutol.

Drug-related problems include medication errors and adverse drug reactions. Liver is the hub of metabolic activity of the body indeed, most drugs are modified or metabolized in liver. Thus, drugs that are dependent primarily on the liver for their systemic clearance are like to have reduced elimination and subsequent accumulation, leading to excessive plasma drug concentration and adverse effects. However the effects of hepatic insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of the drug are not consistent or predictable. The pharmacokinetic properties of an administered drug may be modified due to alterations in hemodynamics and/or in the so-called intrinsic clearance. Drugs with first pass metabolism require reduction in oral dosages; for high clearance drugs both loading and maintenance dosages need adjustment whereas for low clearance drugs maintenance dose only needs adjustment whenever possible, measuring drug level in the blood and monitoring of adverse events should be done fairly frequently. To sum up thus there are a large category of drugs used for different therapeutic indications which are toxic to the liver and kidney and thus should be cautiously administered; particularly when given at high doses or used for chronic or long term administration. This review pitches light on various drugs which induce renal and hepatotoxicity, with their mechanism of damage and clinical scenario.