Literature

This study compared the effect of task-based and systematic instruction on L2 learners’ productive vocabulary retention. The participants of the study were 73 Iranian female intermediate EFL learners who were divided into a split information task group (n=25), a shared information task group (n=25), and a systematic instruction group (n =23). Before treatment all the participants were given a fill in the blanks pretest to check their vocabulary production ability. Then the new words were taught to the three groups. Two weeks after the end of the treatment, the vocabulary productive delayed posttest was administrated. The results showed that task-based instruction improved the learners’ productive vocabulary retention significantly more than systematic instruction providing that the task type was taken into account. The participants under task-based instruction could follow some principles (Thornburg, 2002) essential for moving the new words from short-term store into permanent long-term memory such as repetition, retrieval, pacing, active Use, cognitive depth, personal organizing, and attention, and as a result, they could have more successful performance in the vocabulary productive delayed posttest than the systematic instruction group.

The present study examined the prevalence of vocabulary level on reading comprehension performance among EFL language learners. The ultimate intention was to determine the association between levels of vocabulary knowledge as well as was to clarify the relationship among vocabulary knowledge on reading comprehension performance of EFL Iranian students on subtest of VLT and IELTS. The quantitative data were collected from 220 EFL Iranian adult students at the beginning of second semester of 2011in BAHAR institute, Shiraz, Iran. The Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT) and Reading Comprehension Test (IELTS) were performed in one session as research instruments. The findings indicated that there were positively relationship among different levels of vocabulary levels test and also test score on vocabulary size/breadth of vocabulary knowledge, and reading comprehension were positively correlated.

In higher education, no in-depth studies have been identified that investigate the vocabulary of Undergraduate Engineering students. This study investigated undergraduate students’ English vocabulary with special reference to certain sociological factors in an Engineering college located in Tamilnadu, India. The research findings show that the students’ vocabulary strength differs based on gender, locality of living, medium of instruction, general reading habit. Based on above mentioned factor hypotheses were formulated and tested in this research study and the findings have been given as the outcome of the study. The research results indicate that students are having only limited vocabulary and much focus to be given to vocabulary else students cannot develop their language proficiency.

Dystopia is a totalitarian or a degraded society. The dystopian society is characterized by human misery and oppression. The people of this society lives in constant fear and unhappiness. Dystopian writings become popular in the twentienth century which witnessed various kinds of deprivation and sufferings. Dystopian narratives traditionally achieve their power by reflecting the dominant cultural anxieties of the era in which they were written. This research paper has taken up The Heart Goes Last by Margaret Atwood to examine the various dystopian aspects presented in it. The Heart Goes Last, written as the US economy slowly recovers from a recession, is a cautionary tale about our desire for security. The various dehumanizing and unpleasant pictures presented by Margaret Atwood is carefully analysed. The grave situation is can happen to any society and it foreshadows the inescapable future to come.

Opacity, The most serious mystery and elegant poetic technique, which utilizes the mechanical poets, his poems have Most art, and to make a speech addressing Confidential, and Surprisingly violent and Brainstorming have used. Opacity, which is a trick of language in literature, rhetoric in Arabic and Persian, have been taken into consideration. In this research, based on the method of analysis - descriptive, and utilization of resources in this area to explore the aesthetic, opacity, Arabic Rhetoric deals. Results indicate that, as discussed in Arabic literature, opacity, and various types of attention, and in the lyrics of his rhetorical works, the various statements that have been, and in this context it is interesting to note the range of rhetorical opacity in Arabic literature, the less wide, had Persian literature, and the most important opacity can be single, fit, beverages, expression, and Well suited pointed out. The opacity of language arts and rhetoric that is more an art of ambiguity. In addition, an opacity which works of art, the poet and scholar and orator, to the extent that the meaning of words to create new horizons and new clothes to cover their height, and at the same time, the more A look at the valve, and also agreed meanings determination, relying on imagination to create new meaning and create the possibility of periphrastic interpretations, and multiple attempts at interpretation.

Hansberry's play A Raisin in the Sun is about the experience of an African American family who struggles against racism and tries to keep their dignity. It discusses racial, sexual, social, and economical discriminations on black community and individuals. The main black characters were not happened to be female but they were chosen preciously to present the challenges that black women confront within the racist and patriarchal society of America. Hansberry, a black female writer, utilized her masterpiece A Raisin in the Sun as a platform to present her womanistic ideas that inherited from her master, Dubois. Following Dubois’ ideas on womanism, this study undertakes to examine the plays’ representation of black women’s experience of discriminations .It further highlights the rights and the true image of black women who are twice oppressed by gender and race in the American society.

The aim of this paper is to explore the diasporic sensibilities of Jhumpha Lahiri as demonstrated through the culinary montage she appends to the retrospection of her life and history narrated in her anthology of short stories titled Interpreter of Maladies. The article highlights how Indian women living abroad find difficult to shed off the memories of their native land during their process of assimilation. To camouflage her apprehension of losing her identity and ameliorate her sense of dislocation in a foreign land, Jhumpha Lahiri persistently makes references to Indian food habits and culinary skills. Further she reminisces of rituals practised in the kitchen room and uses excessive food imagery to substantiate the physical and psychical conditions of Indian men and women and also to evaluate their intensiveness of relationship- cordial or complicated.

This study provides a small scale survey of English verbs that can take cognate objects (CO) both in Pakistani and British fictions in English language. Frequencies of the verbs along with cognate object constructions occurring in Pakistani English fiction (PEF) and British English fiction (BEF) have been compared and analyzed using AntConc 3.2.2w (windows) 2008. Several syntactic properties of cognate objects have also been investigated: such as the ability to take modifier, possibility of the cognate objects to be used as pronouns (it – pronominalization) have also been verified in cognate object constructions (COC) in Pakistani as well as in British English varieties. Focus of the study is on the characteristics of English verbs. It has been found that cognate object constructions are used less in PEF as compared to their presence in BEF. Proving the fact that cognate object constructions as the complex sentence structure. As English is not the native language of Pakistan, so the writers usually avoid the usage of cognate object constructions in PEF. The study establishes Pakistani English as an independent variety using its own distinctive linguistic features.

The African developmental state has become a critical concern of not only Africans but all peoples in the global community. The point at issue is not that African leaders at various historical epochs have to articulated philosophies and reasonable roadmaps to fast-tracking African developmental vision, however, in spite of all the efforts, it is observed that Africa is still at the lowest lung of world developmental indices. Now the million dollar question that agitates the minds of scholars and students of developmental studies in Africa is, ‘what is the real cause of African developmental stagnation’? Here many causes ranging from colonial exploitation to corruption and leadership ineptitude have been proffered. As good and reasonable as these propositions may be, this paper maintains that they are not the prime cause of African developmental dilemma, they are rather the secondary causes. This paper is of the opinion that African developmental problem lies in the nature of African epistemology and cosmology. It notes that African epistemology is organized around supernaturalism; this knowledge type stifles creativity and enslaves humanity to its lethal dictations as it limits man from attaining selfhood and self dictations and governance. This paper maintains that if African must attain her developmental dreams, she must first of all liberate herself from the powers of her religion and her worldview of life but as long as the current African epistemology continue to be her source of knowledge system, then she will continue to maintain her slavish status in the global community. Therefore, to change this status, this paper calls for the demystification and de-spiritualization of life and religion by the Africans.

This article was an attempt to analyze Hafez Poetry and its translated version regarding some aspects which may have gone unnoticed and may still be subject to much misinterpretation. Each couplet is full of terms which are of many probable references according to scholars.