Literature

Isabel Allende is known to be one of the most expressive writers of the Latin American world. All her novels are a reflection of herself. In each novel we find a spirit of innovation and renewal. This research paper is carried out on her first novel The House of Spirits (1982).it focuses on the autobiographical element of the novel. The introduction will introduce the writer and the topic as well. This research will focus on the contextual evidence of her autobiography. The main focus will be her biography. The framework that the researcher has chosen will be Renza’s essay A Veto of Imagination: The Theory of Autobiography(1972). The researcher will look into his 3 modes of autobiography and the correlation of ideology with autobiography. The content analysis will focus on the events and characters of the novel that have been extracted from Allende’s life. The conclusion shows how such expression has helped Allende grow as a writer.

Mary Shelley, the daughter of “two persons of distinguished literary celebrity” - Mary Wollstonecraft, author of A Vindication of Rights of Man, and William Godwin, author of Caleb William – was a 19th century writer. Her first novel Frankenstein is a gothic story about the creation of a monster, produced by an unconventional and unorthodox scientific experiment. It represents the author's notions of life, humanity and the society of her own time. It is suggested that the story has hues of Mary Shelley’s own life. Much has been discussed on her feministic view in the theme of novel, but little attention has been given to the reflection of her own travels which molds the setting of the story. Mary Shelley traveled widely in her lifetime and used to keep journals and letters of her travels as a tourist; Shelley’s letters showcase her friends and family, her cares and concerns, her daily life and her life as a romantic author. The primary focus of the present study is on the elements of tourism which comprise the setting of the story and help to create the theme and atmosphere of a story in which theme and setting are interwoven and function as a character throughout the novel. This character represents the life of the author as a tourist.

Ernest Hemingway, writer of 20th century America, winner of the Nobel Prize in literature, has a reputation of misogyny. A negative outlook towards women showcases his most famous works in which a sense of masculine dominance is almost ever-present. He often employs a sarcastic tone in his treatment of female characters. In his fiction, women who in literature are generally deemed subjects of heartbreak are ironically portrayed as heartbreakers or portents of destruction, in the least. This attitude towards women, we believe, is manifested in his "A Very Short Story" from his first short story collection In Our Time. Taking a biographical approach, we draw on his early experiences with his mother and his first love to better understand the story under study. But what has until now escaped notice is that "A Very Short Story" can also be read as a reaction to Feminism. To substantiate this claim, we put forth a brief survey of the Feminist discourse during the years he published "A Very Short Story", and offer signs of anti-Feminism from the text.

Literature has always been employed as a source for voicing trepidations and reconnoitering social productions, issues, malfunctioning and identities. It has allowed writers to give vent to their shared experiences while crafting novel and imaginative worlds which can be deduced by observers in numerous ways. Language, the main ingredient of literature, is acknowledged as a social stimulus and also a stimulus of social progress that has trailed its way for unknown ages, which is above all capricious and subjective dictums and existed unbridled by fiat or decree. The capacity and possibility of infinite influence, which language can hold, is marked in the narrative of the text itself. Within the novel of Roy “The God of Small Things” power and force of language is used in order to express multiple social identities and social mal-behaviors. Language, as a device for understanding and structuring social rationalities and social transgressions, plays a dynamic role in the creation and establishment of the untouchables’ place in Indian society in Roy’s novel. This will be illustrated by looking at how language offers voice to those who have once been silenced in a given social mosaic. In order to provide a base for a better comprehension of the role of language within the novel under consideration, Lecercle’s ideas about the force of language are very helpful.

Language is an important medium of communication. Keeping in mind the importance of language in the mind making process, this study aims to examine the language of e-print media advertisements of Pakistan. The linguistic analysis has been done at semantic, phonological, morphological and syntactic level. The practices along with the functions of these linguistic devices have been analyzed. E-print media advertisements from various domains have been selected for the present study. Qualitative Discourse Analytic Approach to Text was used to analyze the linguistic devices. Through the linguistic analysis, it has been observed that language of advertisements has a very innovative and peculiar form which is unique, fascinating and memorable. Despite the fact that language of advertisements is breaking the set rules of language, it appears to be very attractive and contributing towards the success of advertisements which ultimately lead towards the sale of the product. It has been found that the language of advertisements is very rich area to be investigated by the linguists.

This paper reviews on the potential impacts of quality assurance approaches on the construction industry. Previously, researchers discovered that better product quality, not the price of the product is the key point in sustaining competition in the construction market. Hence to this fact, many construction organizations are beginning to invest relentless amounts of efforts and attention into the quality of their products as the product quality itself is the winning key in obtaining the competitive edge over local competitors in the market to ensure the sustainability of their own businesses. Quality has long been identified as one of the most basic requirements of clients as the necessity for product quality is undeniable and understandable. This is due to the fact that such buildings might be one of the biggest investments in the lives of most clients. Besides that, with the information regarding construction industry readily available for the public, potential clients are more educated and well-informed. To cater the different needs of clients, contractors have to be creative and innovative, to try their best to perform better. They must not only aim to deliver projects on time but also projects of excellent quality and price.

This study intends to argue sacrificial scapegoat archetype in The Goat or Who is Sylvia? by Edward Albee, one of the famous American dramatist. For gaining this aim, first, a summary of the play is given. Second, tension and problem which is oriented round a sexual transgression in this play will be discussed. Third, the situation in which recognition and revelation of the problem occurs is to be exposed. Fourth, the role of vehicle which in this play casts on the goat as a scapegoat will be considered and fifth, the significance of sacrificial scapegoat on the play will be argued.

Various researches and studies on speech acts among different languages and contexts would help the man bridge the gap among the speakers of different languages. In other words, it could help to inform and alert speakers of the potential pragmatic mistakes that may arise in social, pedagogical and translation domains. To cope with interethnic communication difficulties can be also helped by these studies and researches for the speakers of dissimilar languages and cultures. The strategies employed by Native English speakers and Iranian EFL learners for expressing promising in different situations in order to find the differences that may exist between these two languages are investigated in this study. Researchers working in second language (L2) acquisition have investigated interlanguage pragmatics to document learners’ formulation of speech acts (SAs) and they have found that most of the problems that EFL learners face in intercultural communication are mainly pragmatic. Unlike comprehensive studies on SAs such as request and apology, the number of cross-cultural studies investigating expressions of promising is fairly limited and there are few studies investigating this speech act in both languages. The participants of this study were 27 among whom 20 were Iranian EFL learners and the native English speakers included 7 people. The participants were both male and female, aging from 18 to 31 years old. An open-ended DCT were employed for studying participants' responses and verbal reactions to different situations. The results of Chi-square test suggested that these two groups vary in their use of strategies and types of promising. Iranian EFL learners’ sensitivity to L1 made them use inappropriate expressions and strategies in their English responses. It suggested that Persian learners of English transfer some of their L1 pragmatic norms to L2 because they perceive these norms to be universal.

One of the most obvious and controversial matters seen in the modern literature is circularity of structure. Not being found only in the content of these works, i.e. the speech and thought of the characters, the incident and the actions of such works, circularity also penetrates to the form of such works. The case is that, circularity is not a futile element. It fortifies an aesthetic effect of the works on the reader to a great extent. Furthermore, it represents the circularity of human thought and life and consequently the circularity of his confusion and frustration what he cannot find a convincing answer for it and its occurrence. This article tries to discuss circularity in The Blind owl written by one of the most famous modern Iranian author Sadegh Hedayat.

In this study, as Guides Islamic legitimacy of popular imagination and in particular, the Islamic State and the phrase literally, as well as the necessity of the Quran and hadith, the case is investigated, for example, the verse, "Thieves, thieves, then hand-cut" thieves should be cut off her hand, refers to the execution by the Muslim ruler is divine and rational reasons for the necessity of government, the Sunni and Shia Jurisprudence perspective, there is little doubt that, both the legitimacy of the Islamic government indicates. But the appointment of the Sunni caliph, consider installing a prophet of God and belief in community and selected by the previous caliph, and Shia believes the Caliph chose to install from God through revelation to the Prophet, and the constitution is the Jurist explained.